Lecture 4- Word identification and reading Flashcards
what do early models of word identification focus on?
Foucs mainly on reading
- eg interactive activation model rumelhart and Mclelland 1982
levels:
- feature detectors in the primary visual cortex
- letter detectors
- word detectors
where are feature detectors based
in the primary visual cortex
who created the trace model
Mclelland and elman
describe the trace model
same principle as the Interactive activation model - but for spoken language
has 3 layers
- feature units
- phoneme units
- word units
phonemes are combinations of auditory features and time ( eg voice onset time)
- ‘ one slice in time’ - takes into account phoneme features such as eg words ‘voiced acute power’ - which all have different onset timeslots
what is a feautre detector in the trace model
Diagonal / straiht / horizontal lines
what is a triangle arrow in the trace model
excitatory round= inhibitory
letters make different phonemes
what is the problems with the TRACE model
- unlike written language - time plays an important role in written language
- this makes it complex
- basically- detectors at the phoneme level are sensitive to the duration and order of inputs
What are the strengths of the trace model
- predicts a word - level top down effects
eg phonemic restoration - can account for almost all classical results on word recognition including context effects ( help identify letters and phonemes)
what are the weknesses of the Trace model
- Doesn’t have a mechanism to account for the importance of the first phoneme
Is it even falsifiable?
Can it account for anything? ( can just ad complexity)
A model that can be adapted to predict anything is maybe too general
The best models make strong positive and negative predictions
name a model of readers recognising words when reading aloud
Dual route Cascaded Model (DRC)
who created the Dual route Cascaded Model (DRC)
Coltheart et al 2011
describe th Dual route Cascaded Model (DRC)
Model of reading aloud
Note that this doesn’t contradict the interactive activation model
It’s just shown at a different level of abstraction
There still are nodes for each feature/letter/word/phoneme/meaning at each level
Two paths to naming a word
Direct route:
print lexicon
Indirect route:
print grapheme-phoneme rules
Name the 2 pathways to naming a word according to the DRC
Two paths to naming a word
Direct route:
print lexicon
(lexicon= all words the brain knows and can recognise)
Indirect route:
print grapheme-phoneme rules
(Known letters-> sounds= pronounciation correctly)
there are still nodes for each level
how many words to readers process a minute
250 words per minute - 4 words a second
why do we move our eyes
Macula (“yellow spot”):
Area of central vision
In the centre of the macula is the fovea, surrounded by the parafovea
Blind spot
(optic nerve and blood vessels exit the retina)
what are teh 2 types of eyemovements and explain these
Saccades:
Extremely fast, “ballistic” (duration ca. 20-50 ms)
Need to be planned in advance
No visual information available (saccadic suppression)
Fixations:
Stationary periods in between saccades
Mean duration 200 – 250 ms, high variability
Visual information available
how long do saccades last
(duration ca. 20-50 ms)
how long do fixations last
200 – 250 ms
what do eye movements in reading look like
Readers typically fixate most words, most commonly just left of the centre (preferred viewing position, PVP). The optimal viewing position (OVP) is at the centre.
Some words are skipped
Others are refixated
Occasionally there are regressions to earlier words
Is that all there is to eye movements in reading?
Readers typically fixate most words, most commonly just left of the centre (preferred viewing position, PVP). The optimal viewing position (OVP) is at the centre.
Some words are skipped
Others are refixated
Occasionally there are regressions to earlier words
Is that all there is to eye movements in reading?
where is the optimal viewing point when fixating on words during reading
Readers typically fixate most words, most commonly just left of the centre (preferred viewing position, PVP). The optimal viewing position (OVP) is at the centre.
how do we Measure the extent of parafoveal processing
Moving window paradigm (McConkie & Rayner , 1975)
Eye tracking can be used to dynamically change the display as a subject moves his or her eyes: Moving window paradigm
hwo does the moving paradigm window work
eye movements are monitored- computers update of read and move to update
what are the results of the moving window pardigm
Note that window size is total window size
(e.g. 13 = 6 characters to the left of fixation and 6 to the right)
FL = Full line = no mask
Performance at 29 spaces is indistinguishable from full line
What is the typical perceptual span of an english reader
Note that window size is total window size
(e.g. 13 = 6 characters to the left of fixation and 6 to the right)
FL = Full line = no mask
Performance at 29 spaces is indistinguishable from full line
what is the perceptual span in the moving window of the language hebrew
(read right to left):
7 left, 2 right
what is the perceptual span in the moving window of the language hchinese
(read left to right):
3 characters right, 1 character left
what did Bélanger, Slattery, Mayberry, & Rayner (2013) categorise the moving window paradigm in deaf readers as
LSKD:
Low reading skill deaf readers
SKD
Skilled deaf readers
SKH
Skilled hearing readers
skilled readers= lower perceptual span
who created the moving mask paradigm
Rayner & Bertera (1979)
what occured in the moving mask paradigm
masked letters of words with an X
eg 1 character = The pretty bracelet aXtracted much
X= fixation
3 characters= The prXXXy bracelet attracted much
fixation on middle X
what are the results of the moving mask paradigm
For larger masks
Fixation duration increases sharply
Saccade length decreases
But then increases again for larger masks as people try to escape them
Number of fixations decreases
Reading rate decreases
Naming accuracy decreases sharply
= shows that the fovea is essential for reading
macular degeneration= massive due to this
who investigated the The E-Z Reader model of eye movement control during reading and what is the main idea of this?
Reichle, Pollatsek, Fisher, & Rayner (1999)
Reichle, Pollatsek, & Rayner (2006)
- Word identification drives attention and eye movements
explain EZ reader 9-
Attention is allocated serially on each word from left to right
Word identification occurs in two stages, L1 and L2
Completing L1 triggers a saccade to the next word
Completing L2 triggers an attention shift to the next word
ALSO SEE MODEL OF THIS
Describe the processing stage : V
early visual processing stag e
Describe the processing stage L1
- first stage of lexical processing
- familiarity check
- When L1 completed- an eye movement programme to the next word is started
Describe the processing stage:L2
- lexical access
- retrieval of meaning
- when l2 completes attention shifts to the subsequent word
then another L1 begins on that word
Describe the processing stage : M1
Labile stage of saccade preparation
Can be cancelled by a new saccade program triggered by L1 completion
Followed by M2
Describe the processing stage :M2
Non-labile stage of saccade preparation
Cannot be cancelled by a new saccade program triggered by L1 completion
explain Parafoveal processing
Parafoveal processing occurs whenever L2 is completed before M1 and M2.
On difficult words, L2 takes longer to complete, resulting in less parafoveal processing
This can explain spillover effects and reduced preview benefit
what is the claimed speed of being able to read- max
Claimed speeds: 600-700 wpm (at least!)
why are quick readers quick
Actually, speed readers are (at best) very good at skimming and making inferences.
No memory for details they haven’t fixated. See reading (Rayner et al., 2016) for more details.
