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Cognition and language > Lecture 4- Word identification and reading > Flashcards

Lecture 4- Word identification and reading Flashcards

1
Q

what do early models of word identification focus on?

A

Foucs mainly on reading
- eg interactive activation model rumelhart and Mclelland 1982

levels:

  • feature detectors in the primary visual cortex
  • letter detectors
  • word detectors
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2
Q

where are feature detectors based

A

in the primary visual cortex

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3
Q

who created the trace model

A

Mclelland and elman

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4
Q

describe the trace model

A

same principle as the Interactive activation model - but for spoken language

has 3 layers

  • feature units
  • phoneme units
  • word units

phonemes are combinations of auditory features and time ( eg voice onset time)
- ‘ one slice in time’ - takes into account phoneme features such as eg words ‘voiced acute power’ - which all have different onset timeslots

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5
Q

what is a feautre detector in the trace model

A

Diagonal / straiht / horizontal lines

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6
Q

what is a triangle arrow in the trace model

A

excitatory round= inhibitory

letters make different phonemes

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7
Q

what is the problems with the TRACE model

A
  • unlike written language - time plays an important role in written language
  • this makes it complex
  • basically- detectors at the phoneme level are sensitive to the duration and order of inputs
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8
Q

What are the strengths of the trace model

A
  • predicts a word - level top down effects
    eg phonemic restoration
  • can account for almost all classical results on word recognition including context effects ( help identify letters and phonemes)
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9
Q

what are the weknesses of the Trace model

A
  • Doesn’t have a mechanism to account for the importance of the first phoneme

Is it even falsifiable?
Can it account for anything? ( can just ad complexity)
A model that can be adapted to predict anything is maybe too general
The best models make strong positive and negative predictions

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10
Q

name a model of readers recognising words when reading aloud

A

Dual route Cascaded Model (DRC)

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11
Q

who created the Dual route Cascaded Model (DRC)

A

Coltheart et al 2011

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12
Q

describe th Dual route Cascaded Model (DRC)

A

Model of reading aloud
Note that this doesn’t contradict the interactive activation model
It’s just shown at a different level of abstraction
There still are nodes for each feature/letter/word/phoneme/meaning at each level
Two paths to naming a word

Direct route:
print  lexicon

Indirect route:
print  grapheme-phoneme rules

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13
Q

Name the 2 pathways to naming a word according to the DRC

A

Two paths to naming a word

Direct route:
print  lexicon
(lexicon= all words the brain knows and can recognise)

Indirect route:
print  grapheme-phoneme rules
(Known letters-> sounds= pronounciation correctly)

there are still nodes for each level

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14
Q

how many words to readers process a minute

A

250 words per minute - 4 words a second

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15
Q

why do we move our eyes

A

Macula (“yellow spot”):
Area of central vision
In the centre of the macula is the fovea, surrounded by the parafovea

Blind spot
(optic nerve and blood vessels exit the retina)

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16
Q

what are teh 2 types of eyemovements and explain these

A

Saccades:
Extremely fast, “ballistic” (duration ca. 20-50 ms)
Need to be planned in advance
No visual information available (saccadic suppression)

Fixations:
Stationary periods in between saccades
Mean duration 200 – 250 ms, high variability
Visual information available

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17
Q

how long do saccades last

A

(duration ca. 20-50 ms)

18
Q

how long do fixations last

A

200 – 250 ms

19
Q

what do eye movements in reading look like

A

Readers typically fixate most words, most commonly just left of the centre (preferred viewing position, PVP). The optimal viewing position (OVP) is at the centre.
Some words are skipped
Others are refixated
Occasionally there are regressions to earlier words
Is that all there is to eye movements in reading?
Readers typically fixate most words, most commonly just left of the centre (preferred viewing position, PVP). The optimal viewing position (OVP) is at the centre.
Some words are skipped
Others are refixated
Occasionally there are regressions to earlier words
Is that all there is to eye movements in reading?

20
Q

where is the optimal viewing point when fixating on words during reading

A

Readers typically fixate most words, most commonly just left of the centre (preferred viewing position, PVP). The optimal viewing position (OVP) is at the centre.

21
Q

how do we Measure the extent of parafoveal processing

A

Moving window paradigm (McConkie & Rayner , 1975)

Eye tracking can be used to dynamically change the display as a subject moves his or her eyes: Moving window paradigm

22
Q

hwo does the moving paradigm window work

A

eye movements are monitored- computers update of read and move to update

23
Q

what are the results of the moving window pardigm

A

Note that window size is total window size
(e.g. 13 = 6 characters to the left of fixation and 6 to the right)
FL = Full line = no mask
Performance at 29 spaces is indistinguishable from full line

24
Q

What is the typical perceptual span of an english reader

A

Note that window size is total window size
(e.g. 13 = 6 characters to the left of fixation and 6 to the right)
FL = Full line = no mask
Performance at 29 spaces is indistinguishable from full line

25
Q

what is the perceptual span in the moving window of the language hebrew

A

(read right to left):

7 left, 2 right

26
Q

what is the perceptual span in the moving window of the language hchinese

A

(read left to right):

3 characters right, 1 character left

27
Q

what did Bélanger, Slattery, Mayberry, & Rayner (2013) categorise the moving window paradigm in deaf readers as

A

LSKD:
Low reading skill deaf readers

SKD
Skilled deaf readers

SKH
Skilled hearing readers

skilled readers= lower perceptual span

28
Q

who created the moving mask paradigm

A

Rayner & Bertera (1979)

29
Q

what occured in the moving mask paradigm

A

masked letters of words with an X

eg 1 character = The pretty bracelet aXtracted much

X= fixation

3 characters= The prXXXy bracelet attracted much
fixation on middle X

30
Q

what are the results of the moving mask paradigm

A

For larger masks
Fixation duration increases sharply
Saccade length decreases
But then increases again for larger masks as people try to escape them

Number of fixations decreases
Reading rate decreases
Naming accuracy decreases sharply

= shows that the fovea is essential for reading

macular degeneration= massive due to this

31
Q

who investigated the The E-Z Reader model of eye movement control during reading and what is the main idea of this?

A

Reichle, Pollatsek, Fisher, & Rayner (1999)
Reichle, Pollatsek, & Rayner (2006)

  • Word identification drives attention and eye movements
32
Q

explain EZ reader 9-

A

Attention is allocated serially on each word from left to right
Word identification occurs in two stages, L1 and L2
Completing L1 triggers a saccade to the next word
Completing L2 triggers an attention shift to the next word

ALSO SEE MODEL OF THIS

33
Q

Describe the processing stage : V

A

early visual processing stag e

34
Q

Describe the processing stage L1

A
  • first stage of lexical processing
  • familiarity check
  • When L1 completed- an eye movement programme to the next word is started
35
Q

Describe the processing stage:L2

A
  • lexical access
  • retrieval of meaning
  • when l2 completes attention shifts to the subsequent word
    then another L1 begins on that word
36
Q

Describe the processing stage : M1

A

Labile stage of saccade preparation
Can be cancelled by a new saccade program triggered by L1 completion
Followed by M2

37
Q

Describe the processing stage :M2

A

Non-labile stage of saccade preparation

Cannot be cancelled by a new saccade program triggered by L1 completion

38
Q

explain Parafoveal processing

A

Parafoveal processing occurs whenever L2 is completed before M1 and M2.

On difficult words, L2 takes longer to complete, resulting in less parafoveal processing

This can explain spillover effects and reduced preview benefit

39
Q

what is the claimed speed of being able to read- max

A

Claimed speeds: 600-700 wpm (at least!)

40
Q

why are quick readers quick

A

Actually, speed readers are (at best) very good at skimming and making inferences.

No memory for details they haven’t fixated.
See reading (Rayner et al., 2016) for more details.

Cognition and language (21 decks)

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