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BIO108- GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY > LECTURE 6: NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

LECTURE 6: NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

➢ Continuously changes
➢ Need to coordinate body functions
➢ Two control systems

A

Animal Behavior

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2
Q

Animal Behavior: Continuously changes depending on two factors

A

-Internal Factors
-External Factors

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2
Q

Animal Behavior: two control systems

A

-Nervous System
-Endocrine System

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3
Q

Three basic functions of Nervous system

A

o Reception of sensory input from internal and
external environment
o Integration of the input
o Response to the stimuli

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3
Q

➢ An important adaptation in the evolution of body
size and mobility
➢ Coelenterates, cnidarians and echinoderms (radial
symmetry, lacking a head)

A

Patterns of Organization of Nervous System:

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3
Q

Like the hydra, the jellyfish has a nervous system characterized by a series of interconnected nerve cells (_____________).

A

nerve net

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4
Q

The __________ conducts
impulses around the entire body of the jellyfish. The strength of a
behavioral response is proportional to the stimulus strength. In other
words, the stronger the stimulus, the larger the response

A

nerve net

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5
Q

with _______________ come more complex nervous systems

A

cephalization

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5
Q

The central nervous system has been described as ____________ because of
the nerves connecting the nerve cords.

A

“ladder-like”

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5
Q

This ladder-like structure or long nerve cords are connected to ________________ located in the head region.

A

cerebral ganglia

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5
Q

Flatworms have “___________” that
project from the side of the head. These contain chemoreceptors that are used to find food.

A

auricles

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6
Q

Flatworms also have eyespots called “_________”. That are sensitive to light and are connected to the cerebral ganglia.
Generally, the flatworm avoids light

A

ocelli

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6
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS) includes?

A

◦ Brain
◦ Spinal cord

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6
Q

Two system under vertebrate nervous system

A

➢ Central Nervous System (CNS)
➢ Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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7
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes?

A

Nerves (bundles of neurons)

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8
Q

Parts of the nervous
system that sense
changes in the internal
and external
environment

A

Receptors

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8
Q

The forms of _______ _________ are converted to a signal and sent to the brain or spinal cord.

A

sensory input

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9
Q

➢ Input in the brain and spinal cord are integrated to
generate a response (motor output)
➢ Motor output
oIs a signal transmitted to organs that can convert the
signal into some form of action, such as movement,
changes in heart rate, release of hormones, etc.

A

Integration and Output

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9
Q

Input in the brain and spinal cord are integrated to generate a _____________

A

response (motor output)

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9
Q

Different forms of Sensory Input

A

◦ Pressure
◦ Taste
◦ Sound
◦ Light
◦ Blood pH
◦ Hormone levels

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10
Q

Is a signal transmitted to organs that can convert the signal into some form of action, such as movement, changes in heart rate, release of hormones, etc.

A

Motor Output

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11
Q

PNS: Two types of motor neuron pathways

A

-Somatic
-Autonomic

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11
Q

PNS: Somatic NS

A

Skeletal

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11
Q

PNS: Autonomic is categorized into two

A

-Sympathetic
-Parasympathetic

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12
Q

PNS: Autonomic NS

A

-Smooth muscle
-cardiac muscle
-glands

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13
Q

➢ Includes all nerves controlling the muscular
system and external sensory receptors

A

Somatic Nervous System

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14
Q

SNS: ➢ External sense organs (e.g. skin) → ________
➢ Muscle fibers and gland cells → ___________

A

-receptors
-effectors

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15
Q

Types of Cells in the Nervous System

A
  1. Neuroglia
  2. Neuron or nerve cells
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16
Q

– do not transmit impulses
- support, nourish, insulate and protect the delicate neurons
- bind nervous tissues

A

Neuroglia

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17
Q
  • respond to stimuli and
    conduct impulses
A

Neuron or nerve cells

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18
Q

Types of Neuroglia

A

a. astrocytes/astroglia
b. microglias
c. oligodendroglia and Schwann cells
d. Ependymal cells

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19
Q

nutrition

A

astrocytes/astroglia

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20
Q

immune defense cells (similar to macrophages)

A

microglias

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21
Q

– insulator (myelin sheath)

A

oligodendroglia and Schwann cells

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22
Q

form myelin in the CNS and hence are responsible for normal propagation of action
potentials. Patchy loss of CNS myelin, as in multiple sclerosis can cause a variety of neurological problems

A

oligodendroglia

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23
Q
  • form the myelin around myelinated
    peripheral axons
  • also envelop unmyelinated axons, but without the dense membrane
A

Schwann cells

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24
Q

indentations between adjacent neuroglial cells in the myelin sheath

A

nodes of Ranvier

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25
Q
  • circulate the CSF; ciliated; source of CSF in the choroid plexus, line the neurocoel of cord and brian
  • oldest neuroglial elements phylogenetically
  • sole glial elements in amphioxus and agnathans
A

Ependymal cells

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26
Q

Parts of a Neuron

A

a. soma/perikaryon
b. nerve fibers

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26
Q

body of the neuron

A

Soma/Perikaryon

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26
Q

cytoplasmic extensions from the soma

A

nerve fibers

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27
Q

Types of Nerve Fibers

A

-Axon
-Dendrites

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27
Q

carry impulses away from the soma

A

Axon

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27
Q

transmit incoming electrical impulses toward the soma

A

dendrite

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28
Q

Functional Units of Nervous System

A

Neurons

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28
Q

Length of Fibers: Long dendrites
and short axon

A

Sensory neuron

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28
Q

Different types of Neurons

A
  • sensory or afferent neuron
  • motor or efferent neuron
  • interneuron
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29
Q

Length of Fibers: Long dendrites
and short axon

A

Sensory neuron

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29
Q

Length of Fibers: Short dendrites
and short or long axon

A

Interneuron

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29
Q

Length of Fibers: Short dendrites
and long axons

A

Motor Neuron

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30
Q

Location of Sensory Neuron: Cell body and
dendrite are _________________; the
cell body is located in a _________________

A

-outside of the spinal cord
-dorsal root ganglion

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30
Q

Location of Interneuron

A

Entirely within the spinal cord or CNS

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30
Q

Location of Motor Neuron: Dendrites and
the cell body are located in the ___________; the
axon is ______________________

A

-spinal cord
-outside of the spinal cord

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31
Q

Conduct impulse to the spinal cord

A

Sensory neuron

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32
Q

Interconnect the
sensory neuron
with appropriate
motor neuron

A

Interneuron

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33
Q

Conduct impulse
to an effector
(muscle or
gland)

A

Motor Neuron

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34
Q

every cell has a ________or ________________
across its plasma membranes

A

voltage or membrane potential

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35
Q

a membrane potential is a localized ___________________ across membrane

A

electrical gradient

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36
Q

o ________ are more concentrated within a cell
o _________are more concentrated in the extracellular fluid

A

-anions
-cations

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37
Q

an unstimulated cell usually has a resting potential of __________

A

70mV

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38
Q

Cations:
-_____the principal intracellular cation
-_____is the principal extracellular cation

A
  • K+
  • Na+
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39
Q

Anions:
- ________, __________, ___________, and __________ are the principal intracellular anions
-______is principal extracellular anion

A

-proteins, amino acids, sulfate, and phosphate
-Cl-

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40
Q

Formation of Resting Potential: In a mammalian neuron at resting potential, the
concentration of K+ is greater ________the cell,
while the concentration of Na+ is greater __________the cell

A

-inside
-outside

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41
Q

Formation of Resting Potential: ________________ use the energy of ATP to maintain these K+ and Na+ gradients across the plasma membrane.

A

Sodium-potassium pumps

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42
Q

Formation of Resting Potential: These concentration gradients of K+ and Na+ represent ______________

A

chemical potential energy.

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43
Q

Formation of resting potential: The opening of ion channels in the plasma membrane converts chemical potential to____________

A

electrical potential

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44
Q

Formation of resting potential: A neuron at resting potential contains many open
____ channels and fewer open ____ channels; K+ diffuses out of the cell

A

-K+
-Na+

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45
Q

Formation of resting potential: Anions trapped inside the cell contribute to the
______________ within the neuron

A

negative charge

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46
Q

___________________ allow ions to diffuse across the plasma membrane

A

Ungated ion channels

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47
Q

Ungated ion channels are always ___________

A

Open

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48
Q

_____________ have the ability to generate large
changes in their membrane potentials

A

excitable cells

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49
Q

gated ion channels open or close in response to _________

A

stimuli

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50
Q

opening or closing of ion channels alters the __________________ to particular ions, which in turn alters the _____________

A
  • membrane‘s permeability
    -membrane potential
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51
Q

Types of gated ion channels

A

➢ chemically-gated ion channels
➢ voltage-gated ion channels

52
Q

open or close in response to a chemical stimulus

A

chemically-gated ion channels

53
Q

open or close in response to a change in membrane potential

A

voltage-gated ion channels

54
Q

changes in membrane potential of neuron
give rise to _____________

A

nerve impulses

55
Q

◦ action potential travels directly from the
presynaptic to the postsynaptic cells via gap
junctions

A

Electrical Synapses

56
Q

o more common than electrical synapses
o postsynaptic chemically-gated channels exist for ions such as Na+, K+, and Cl-
* depending on which gates open the
postsynaptic neuron can depolarize or
hyperpolarize

A

Chemical Synapses

57
Q

A ________is a region
where neurons nearly
touch and where nerve
impulse is transferred

A

synapse

58
Q

Small gap between
neurons is the _________

A

synaptic cleft

59
Q

Transmission across a
synapse is carried out
by ________________

A

neurotransmitters

60
Q

How is neurotransmitter released?

A
  • Sudden rise in calcium at
    end of one neuron
  • Stimulates synaptic vesicles
    to merge with the
    presynaptic membrane
  • Neurotransmitter molecules
    are released into the
    synaptic cleft
61
Q

The same neurotransmitter can produce __________ effects in different types of cells

A

different

62
Q

5 major classes of neurotransmitters

A

-acetylcholine,
-biogenic amines,
-amino acids,
-neuropeptides,
-gases

63
Q

➢ The circuits in the brain are more complex than
the most powerful computers.
➢ The vertebrate brain is organized into regions with
different functions.
➢ Each single-celled organism can respond to
stimuli in its environment.
➢ Animals are multicellular and most groups
respond to stimuli using systems of neurons

A

Brain

64
Q

➢ conveys information from the brain to the PNS
➢ produces reflexes independently of the brain
➢ A reflex is the body’s automatic response to a stimulus

A

Spinal Cord

65
Q

A ____________ is the body’s automatic response to a stimulus

A

reflex

66
Q

Embryonic Brain Regions of a one month old

A
  1. Forebrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain
67
Q

Embryonic Brain Regions of a 5 weeks old

A
  1. Forebrain
    -Telencephalon
    -Diencephalon
  2. Midbrain
    -Mesencephalon
  3. Hindbrain
    -Metencephalon
    -Myelencephalon
68
Q

Brain structures present in adult

A
  1. Forebrain
    -Telencephalon
    -Cerebrum
    -Diencephalon
  2. Midbrain
    -Mesencephalon
    -Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain
    -Metencephalon
    -Pons
    -Myelencephalon
    -Medulla oblongata
69
Q

-Motor area controls voluntary muscle movements;
-sensory cortex is center of conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature, and taste;
-association areas integrate and process sensory data

A

Telencephalon/Cerebrum

70
Q

-Part of limbic system
-integrates sensory information arriving at thalamus, projects to cerebral frontal lobes

A

Diencephalon: Thalamus

71
Q

-Controls autonomic functions
-sets appetitive drives and reproductive behavior
-participates in emotional responses
-secretes ADH, oxytocin, releasing hormones for anterior pituitary regulation

A

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus

72
Q

Integrate visual information with other sensory inputs and relays auditory information

A

Mesencephalon: Optic Lobes (tectum)

73
Q

Involuntary control of muscle tone, processing incoming sensations and outgoing motor commands

A

Mesencephalon: Midbrain Nuclei

74
Q

Involuntary coordination and control of outgoing movements for equilibrium, muscle tone, posture

A

Metencephalon: Cerebellum

75
Q

◦ contains nuclei that control visceral (autonomic homeostatic) functions:
- breathing
- heartbeat and blood pressure
-swallowing
-vomiting
-digestion

A

Myelencephalon: Medulla oblongata

76
Q

contains nuclei involved in the regulation of
visceral activities such as breathing

A

Metencephalon: Pons

77
Q

➢ functions in homeostasis, coordination of movement,
conduction of impulses to higher brain centers
➢ relays information to and from higher brain centers

A

Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)

78
Q

◦ contains nuclei involved in the integration of
sensory information
- superior colliculi are involved in the -
regulation of visual reflexes
-inferior colliculi are involved in the
regulation of auditory reflexes

A

Midbrain

79
Q

includes a choroid plexus and the pineal
gland-secretes melatonin

A

Epithalamus

80
Q

where sensory information is integrated and assessed and motor responses are planned

A

Association areas

81
Q

Lateralization of Brain Function

A

-Left Hemisphere
-Right Hemisphere

82
Q

-specializes in language, math, logic
operations, and the processing of serial
sequences of information, and visual and
auditory details
-specializes in detailed activities required for
motor control

A

The left hemisphere

83
Q

specializes in pattern recognition, spatial
relationships, nonverbal ideation, emotional
processing, and the parallel processing of
information

A

The right hemisphere

84
Q
  • mediates basic emotions (fear, anger), involved in emotional
    bonding, establishes emotional memory
    – e.g., the amygdala is involved in recognizing the emotional
    content of facial expression
A

Limbic System

85
Q

___________ is continuous with ventricles

A

central canal

86
Q

Central canal contains __________________

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

87
Q

__________ is composed of bundles of myelinated axon

A

white matter

88
Q

___________ consists of unmyelinated axons, nuclei, and dendrites

A

gray matter

89
Q

➢ Instantaneous and involuntary
➢ Dependent on both sensory and motor nerves
➢ It is an autonomic response

A

Reflex

90
Q

The reflex action is mediated by a neural
pathway called the

A

reflex arc

91
Q

Reflex Arc

A

A Simple Nerve Circuit

92
Q

-Mediates reflex action
-Most sensory neurons do not directly pass the
brain, but synapses with spinal cord

A

Reflex Arc

93
Q

Pathway of Reflex Arc

A

Stimulus (Internal/External)—>Receptor (Cell or Organ)—>Sensory Neuron—> Coordinator (Brain or Spinal cord-Interneurons)—>Motor Neuron—> Effector (muscle or glands)—>Response (Movement, secretion, behavior)

94
Q

A reflex arc is
composed of:

A

➢sensory receptor
➢sensory neuron
➢motor neuron
➢effector

95
Q

activates a nerve impulse in a sensory
neuron in response to changes in the body’s internal or external environment.

A

Receptor

96
Q

conducts the impulse from the
receptor to its axonal end in the CNS

A

Sensory neuron

97
Q

usually located in the central nervous system, is a receiving area in which the incoming sensory impulse connects with an outgoing motor impulse (this impulse may be repressed, transmitted, or rerouted in the center area)

A

Center

98
Q

transmits the impulse to the proper body
organ

A

Motor neuron

99
Q

is the organ that responds to the impulse from a motor neuron, may be a muscle or a gland

A

Effector

100
Q

Reflex Arc Can be classified based on the organs that they affect

A

-Autonomic
-Somatic

101
Q

-internal organs
-2 motor neurons
-Don’t reach level of consciousness

A

Reflex Arc: Autonomic

102
Q

-Muscles
-1 motor neuron
-Reaches level of consciousness

A

Reflex Arc: Somatic

103
Q

Two types of Reflex Arc based on organs they affect

A

➢ Visceral /Autonomic reflex arc
➢ Somatic reflex arc

104
Q

involves effectors located in the
visceral organs; e.g. glands or smooth
muscles

A

Visceral /Autonomic reflex arc

105
Q

involves effector organs
located in body structures that are acted upon by skeletal muscles

A

Somatic reflex arc

106
Q

Two types of Reflex Arc based on Composition

A

➢ Monosynaptic reflex
➢ Polysynaptic reflex

107
Q

A simple reflex arc
consisting of only one sensory neuron and one
motor neuron

A

Monosynaptic reflex

108
Q

a sensory neuron
influences several motor neurons through
intermediate (association) neurons of the spinal
cord which forms a complex reflex arc

A

Polysynaptic reflex

109
Q

Monosynaptic Reflex Arcs

A

consists of only 2 neurons (e.g. : patellar reflex)

110
Q

Additional components of monosynaptic
reflex arc:

A

➢As the sensory axon enters the spinal cord, it
sends out a collateral axon which synapses into an inhibitory interneuron.

➢When inactivated, this inhibitory neuron releases chemical that inhibits the activity of the antagonist muscles.

➢This reinforces the activity of the antagonist
muscles by removing tonic activity.

111
Q

Polysynaptic Reflex Arcs

A

one or more interneurons connect the sensory and motor neurons

112
Q

Other examples of Reflex Arc

A

➢ Balance
➢ Blinking reflex
➢ Stretch reflex
➢ Patellar reflex

113
Q

an involuntary and
instantaneous response to a certain stimuli

A

Reflex Action

114
Q

time between onset of stimulus
and actual response

A

Reflex Time

115
Q

➢ Withdrawal reflex
➢ When the reflex occurs…
- Flexors in the withdrawing limb contract
- Extensors relax, while in the other limb,
the opposite occurs.
➢ Contralateral
- Reflex occurs on the opposite side from
the stimulus

A

Cross-Extensor Reflex Arc

116
Q

➢ allows an organism to maintain erect
posture and balance
➢ integrated at different sites of the CNS

A

Postural Reflex

117
Q

Postural Reflex is integrated in

A

-spinal
-medullary
-midbrain
-cortical

118
Q

➢ muscles contract in response to a
stretching force applied
➢ knee-jerk reflex or patellar reflex
➢ sensory receptors within these muscles
are also stretched
➢ descending neurons within the spinal
cord synapse with the neurons of stretch
reflex
➢ maintenance of posture and muscle
activity coordination
➢ Absence or exaggeration of stretch reflex
→ neurons within the brain or spinal cord
is damaged

A

Stretch Reflex

119
Q

Tissue damage stimulates __________
abrupt temperature change stimulates
thermoreceptors on sensory neurons

A

nociceptors

120
Q

nociceptors

A

pain sensory receptors

121
Q

Interneurons synapse with different neurons
(e.g. hamstring flexon):

A

1) Motor neurons on the same segment
of spinal cord
2) Motor neurons on higher and lower
segments (e.g. hamstring is innervated
by several motor neurons)
3) Neurons in the brain so individual
becomes aware

122
Q

-transmits information to and from the
CNS and regulates movement and the internal
environment

A

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

123
Q

In the PNS, ________________ transmit information to the CNS and _______________ transmit information away from the CNS

A

-afferent neurons
-efferent neurons

124
Q

Two functional components of PNS

A

-motor system
-autonomic nervous system

125
Q

carries signals to skeletal
muscles and is voluntary

A

motor system

126
Q

regulates the
internal environment in an involuntary manner

A

autonomic nervous system

127
Q

The autonomic nervous system has 3 divisions:

A

-sympathetic,
-parasympathetic
-enteric

128
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions have ___________ effects on target organs

A

antagonistic

129
Q

correlates with the
“fight-or-flight” response

A

sympathetic division

130
Q

promotes a return
to “rest and digest”

A

parasympathetic division

131
Q

controls activity of the
digestive tract, pancreas, and gallbladder

A

enteric division

132
Q

Constricts pupil
of eye

A

Parasympathetic division

133
Q

Stimulates salivary
gland secretion

A

Parasympathetic division

134
Q

Constricts
bronchi in lungs

A

Parasympathetic division

135
Q

Slows heart

A

Parasympathetic division

136
Q

Stimulates activity
of stomach and
intestines

A

Parasympathetic division

137
Q

Stimulates activity
of pancreas

A

Parasympathetic division

138
Q

Stimulates
gallbladder

A

Parasympathetic division

139
Q

Dilates pupil
of eye

A

Sympathetic division

140
Q

Inhibits salivary
gland secretion

A

Sympathetic division

141
Q

Promotes emptying
of bladder

A

Parasympathetic division

142
Q

Promotes erection
of genitals

A

Parasympathetic division

143
Q

Relaxes bronchi
in lungs

A

Sympathetic division

144
Q

Accelerates heart

A

Sympathetic division

145
Q

Inhibits activity
of stomach and
intestines

A

Sympathetic division

146
Q

Inhibits activity
of pancreas

A

Sympathetic division

147
Q

Stimulates
adrenal medulla

A

Sympathetic division

147
Q

Inhibits emptying
of bladder

A

Sympathetic division

147
Q

Stimulates glucose
release from liver;
inhibits gallbladder

A

Sympathetic division

148
Q

Promotes ejaculation and
vaginal contractions

A

Sympathetic division

149
Q

Parasympathetic Division: Preganglionic Neurons Location

A

Brainstem, Sacral of Spinal Cord

150
Q

Parasympathetic Division: Neurotransmitter Released (preganglionic Neurons)

A

Acetylcholine

151
Q

sympathetic Division: Preganglionic Neurons Location

A

Thoracic and lumbar segments of spinal cord

151
Q

sympathetic Division: Neurotransmitter released (Preganglionic Neurons)

A

Acetylcholine

152
Q

Parasympathetic Division: Postganglionic Neurons Location

A

Ganglia close to or within target organs

153
Q

Parasympathetic Division: Neurotransmitter Released (postganglionic Neurons)

A

Acetylcholine

154
Q

sympathetic Division: Postganglionic Neurons Location

A

Ganglia close to target organs or chain of ganglia near spinal cord

155
Q

sympathetic Division: Neurotransmitter Released (postganglionic Neurons)

A

Norepinephrine

156
Q

originate in the brain and mostly terminate
in organs of the head and upper body

A

Cranial nerves

157
Q

originate in the spinal cord and extend to
parts of the body below the head

A

Spinal nerves

BIO108- GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY (10 decks)

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