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BIO108- GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY > LECTURE 6: NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

LECTURE 6: NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

➢ Continuously changes
➢ Need to coordinate body functions
➢ Two control systems

A

Animal Behavior

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2
Q

Animal Behavior: Continuously changes depending on two factors

A

-Internal Factors
-External Factors

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2
Q

Animal Behavior: two control systems

A

-Nervous System
-Endocrine System

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3
Q

Three basic functions of Nervous system

A

o Reception of sensory input from internal and
external environment
o Integration of the input
o Response to the stimuli

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3
Q

➢ An important adaptation in the evolution of body
size and mobility
➢ Coelenterates, cnidarians and echinoderms (radial
symmetry, lacking a head)

A

Patterns of Organization of Nervous System:

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3
Q

Like the hydra, the jellyfish has a nervous system characterized by a series of interconnected nerve cells (_____________).

A

nerve net

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4
Q

The __________ conducts
impulses around the entire body of the jellyfish. The strength of a
behavioral response is proportional to the stimulus strength. In other
words, the stronger the stimulus, the larger the response

A

nerve net

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5
Q

with _______________ come more complex nervous systems

A

cephalization

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5
Q

The central nervous system has been described as ____________ because of
the nerves connecting the nerve cords.

A

“ladder-like”

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5
Q

This ladder-like structure or long nerve cords are connected to ________________ located in the head region.

A

cerebral ganglia

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5
Q

Flatworms have “___________” that
project from the side of the head. These contain chemoreceptors that are used to find food.

A

auricles

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6
Q

Flatworms also have eyespots called “_________”. That are sensitive to light and are connected to the cerebral ganglia.
Generally, the flatworm avoids light

A

ocelli

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6
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS) includes?

A

◦ Brain
◦ Spinal cord

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6
Q

Two system under vertebrate nervous system

A

➢ Central Nervous System (CNS)
➢ Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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7
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) includes?

A

Nerves (bundles of neurons)

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8
Q

Parts of the nervous
system that sense
changes in the internal
and external
environment

A

Receptors

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8
Q

The forms of _______ _________ are converted to a signal and sent to the brain or spinal cord.

A

sensory input

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9
Q

➢ Input in the brain and spinal cord are integrated to
generate a response (motor output)
➢ Motor output
oIs a signal transmitted to organs that can convert the
signal into some form of action, such as movement,
changes in heart rate, release of hormones, etc.

A

Integration and Output

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9
Q

Input in the brain and spinal cord are integrated to generate a _____________

A

response (motor output)

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9
Q

Different forms of Sensory Input

A

◦ Pressure
◦ Taste
◦ Sound
◦ Light
◦ Blood pH
◦ Hormone levels

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10
Q

Is a signal transmitted to organs that can convert the signal into some form of action, such as movement, changes in heart rate, release of hormones, etc.

A

Motor Output

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11
Q

PNS: Two types of motor neuron pathways

A

-Somatic
-Autonomic

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11
Q

PNS: Somatic NS

A

Skeletal

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11
Q

PNS: Autonomic is categorized into two

A

-Sympathetic
-Parasympathetic

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12
Q

PNS: Autonomic NS

A

-Smooth muscle
-cardiac muscle
-glands

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13
Q

➢ Includes all nerves controlling the muscular
system and external sensory receptors

A

Somatic Nervous System

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14
Q

SNS: ➢ External sense organs (e.g. skin) → ________
➢ Muscle fibers and gland cells → ___________

A

-receptors
-effectors

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15
Q

Types of Cells in the Nervous System

A
  1. Neuroglia
  2. Neuron or nerve cells
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16
Q

– do not transmit impulses
- support, nourish, insulate and protect the delicate neurons
- bind nervous tissues

A

Neuroglia

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17
Q
  • respond to stimuli and
    conduct impulses
A

Neuron or nerve cells

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18
Q

Types of Neuroglia

A

a. astrocytes/astroglia
b. microglias
c. oligodendroglia and Schwann cells
d. Ependymal cells

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19
Q

nutrition

A

astrocytes/astroglia

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20
Q

immune defense cells (similar to macrophages)

A

microglias

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21
Q

– insulator (myelin sheath)

A

oligodendroglia and Schwann cells

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22
Q

form myelin in the CNS and hence are responsible for normal propagation of action
potentials. Patchy loss of CNS myelin, as in multiple sclerosis can cause a variety of neurological problems

A

oligodendroglia

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23
Q
  • form the myelin around myelinated
    peripheral axons
  • also envelop unmyelinated axons, but without the dense membrane
A

Schwann cells

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24
Q

indentations between adjacent neuroglial cells in the myelin sheath

A

nodes of Ranvier

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25
Q
  • circulate the CSF; ciliated; source of CSF in the choroid plexus, line the neurocoel of cord and brian
  • oldest neuroglial elements phylogenetically
  • sole glial elements in amphioxus and agnathans
A

Ependymal cells

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26
Q

Parts of a Neuron

A

a. soma/perikaryon
b. nerve fibers

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26
Q

body of the neuron

A

Soma/Perikaryon

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26
Q

cytoplasmic extensions from the soma

A

nerve fibers

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27
Q

Types of Nerve Fibers

A

-Axon
-Dendrites

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27
Q

carry impulses away from the soma

A

Axon

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27
Q

transmit incoming electrical impulses toward the soma

A

dendrite

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28
Q

Functional Units of Nervous System

A

Neurons

28
Q

Length of Fibers: Long dendrites
and short axon

A

Sensory neuron

28
Q

Different types of Neurons

A
  • sensory or afferent neuron
  • motor or efferent neuron
  • interneuron
29
Q

Length of Fibers: Long dendrites
and short axon

A

Sensory neuron

29
Q

Length of Fibers: Short dendrites
and short or long axon

A

Interneuron

29
Q

Length of Fibers: Short dendrites
and long axons

A

Motor Neuron

30
Q

Location of Sensory Neuron: Cell body and
dendrite are _________________; the
cell body is located in a _________________

A

-outside of the spinal cord
-dorsal root ganglion

30
Q

Location of Interneuron

A

Entirely within the spinal cord or CNS

30
Q

Location of Motor Neuron: Dendrites and
the cell body are located in the ___________; the
axon is ______________________

A

-spinal cord
-outside of the spinal cord

31
Q

Conduct impulse to the spinal cord

A

Sensory neuron

32
Q

Interconnect the
sensory neuron
with appropriate
motor neuron

A

Interneuron

33
Q

Conduct impulse
to an effector
(muscle or
gland)

A

Motor Neuron

34
Q

every cell has a ________or ________________
across its plasma membranes

A

voltage or membrane potential

35
Q

a membrane potential is a localized ___________________ across membrane

A

electrical gradient

36
Q

o ________ are more concentrated within a cell
o _________are more concentrated in the extracellular fluid

A

-anions
-cations

37
Q

an unstimulated cell usually has a resting potential of __________

A

70mV

38
Q

Cations:
-_____the principal intracellular cation
-_____is the principal extracellular cation

A
  • K+
  • Na+
39
Q

Anions:
- ________, __________, ___________, and __________ are the principal intracellular anions
-______is principal extracellular anion

A

-proteins, amino acids, sulfate, and phosphate
-Cl-

40
Q

Formation of Resting Potential: In a mammalian neuron at resting potential, the
concentration of K+ is greater ________the cell,
while the concentration of Na+ is greater __________the cell

A

-inside
-outside

41
Q

Formation of Resting Potential: ________________ use the energy of ATP to maintain these K+ and Na+ gradients across the plasma membrane.

A

Sodium-potassium pumps

42
Q

Formation of Resting Potential: These concentration gradients of K+ and Na+ represent ______________

A

chemical potential energy.

43
Q

Formation of resting potential: The opening of ion channels in the plasma membrane converts chemical potential to____________

A

electrical potential

44
Q

Formation of resting potential: A neuron at resting potential contains many open
____ channels and fewer open ____ channels; K+ diffuses out of the cell

A

-K+
-Na+

45
Q

Formation of resting potential: Anions trapped inside the cell contribute to the
______________ within the neuron

A

negative charge

46
Q

___________________ allow ions to diffuse across the plasma membrane

A

Ungated ion channels

47
Q

Ungated ion channels are always ___________

A

Open

48
Q

_____________ have the ability to generate large
changes in their membrane potentials

A

excitable cells

49
Q

gated ion channels open or close in response to _________

A

stimuli

50
Q

opening or closing of ion channels alters the __________________ to particular ions, which in turn alters the _____________

A
  • membrane‘s permeability
    -membrane potential
51
Q

Types of gated ion channels

A

➢ chemically-gated ion channels
➢ voltage-gated ion channels

52
Q

open or close in response to a chemical stimulus

A

chemically-gated ion channels

53
Q

open or close in response to a change in membrane potential

A

voltage-gated ion channels

54
Q

changes in membrane potential of neuron
give rise to _____________

A

nerve impulses

55
Q

◦ action potential travels directly from the
presynaptic to the postsynaptic cells via gap
junctions

A

Electrical Synapses

56
Q

o more common than electrical synapses
o postsynaptic chemically-gated channels exist for ions such as Na+, K+, and Cl-
* depending on which gates open the
postsynaptic neuron can depolarize or
hyperpolarize

A

Chemical Synapses

57
Q

A ________is a region
where neurons nearly
touch and where nerve
impulse is transferred

A

synapse

58
Q

Small gap between
neurons is the _________

A

synaptic cleft

59
Q

Transmission across a
synapse is carried out
by ________________

A

neurotransmitters

60
Q

How is neurotransmitter released?

A
  • Sudden rise in calcium at
    end of one neuron
  • Stimulates synaptic vesicles
    to merge with the
    presynaptic membrane
  • Neurotransmitter molecules
    are released into the
    synaptic cleft
61
Q

The same neurotransmitter can produce __________ effects in different types of cells

A

different

62
Q

5 major classes of neurotransmitters

A

-acetylcholine,
-biogenic amines,
-amino acids,
-neuropeptides,
-gases

63
Q

➢ The circuits in the brain are more complex than
the most powerful computers.
➢ The vertebrate brain is organized into regions with
different functions.
➢ Each single-celled organism can respond to
stimuli in its environment.
➢ Animals are multicellular and most groups
respond to stimuli using systems of neurons

A

Brain

64
Q

➢ conveys information from the brain to the PNS
➢ produces reflexes independently of the brain
➢ A reflex is the body’s automatic response to a stimulus

A

Spinal Cord

65
Q

A ____________ is the body’s automatic response to a stimulus

A

reflex

66
Q

Embryonic Brain Regions of a one month old

A
  1. Forebrain
  2. Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain
67
Q

Embryonic Brain Regions of a 5 weeks old

A
  1. Forebrain
    -Telencephalon
    -Diencephalon
  2. Midbrain
    -Mesencephalon
  3. Hindbrain
    -Metencephalon
    -Myelencephalon
68
Q

Brain structures present in adult

A
  1. Forebrain
    -Telencephalon
    -Cerebrum
    -Diencephalon
  2. Midbrain
    -Mesencephalon
    -Midbrain
  3. Hindbrain
    -Metencephalon
    -Pons
    -Myelencephalon
    -Medulla oblongata
69
Q

-Motor area controls voluntary muscle movements;
-sensory cortex is center of conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature, and taste;
-association areas integrate and process sensory data

A

Telencephalon/Cerebrum

70
Q

-Part of limbic system
-integrates sensory information arriving at thalamus, projects to cerebral frontal lobes

A

Diencephalon: Thalamus

71
Q

-Controls autonomic functions
-sets appetitive drives and reproductive behavior
-participates in emotional responses
-secretes ADH, oxytocin, releasing hormones for anterior pituitary regulation

A

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus

72
Q

Integrate visual information with other sensory inputs and relays auditory information

A

Mesencephalon: Optic Lobes (tectum)

73
Q

Involuntary control of muscle tone, processing incoming sensations and outgoing motor commands

A

Mesencephalon: Midbrain Nuclei

74
Q

Involuntary coordination and control of outgoing movements for equilibrium, muscle tone, posture

A

Metencephalon: Cerebellum

75
Q

◦ contains nuclei that control visceral (autonomic homeostatic) functions:
- breathing
- heartbeat and blood pressure
-swallowing
-vomiting
-digestion

A

Myelencephalon: Medulla oblongata

76
Q

contains nuclei involved in the regulation of
visceral activities such as breathing

A

Metencephalon: Pons

77
Q

➢ functions in homeostasis, coordination of movement,
conduction of impulses to higher brain centers
➢ relays information to and from higher brain centers

A

Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)

78
Q

◦ contains nuclei involved in the integration of
sensory information
- superior colliculi are involved in the -
regulation of visual reflexes
-inferior colliculi are involved in the
regulation of auditory reflexes

A

Midbrain

79
Q

includes a choroid plexus and the pineal
gland-secretes melatonin

A

Epithalamus

80
Q

where sensory information is integrated and assessed and motor responses are planned

A

Association areas

81
Q

Lateralization of Brain Function

A

-Left Hemisphere
-Right Hemisphere

82
Q

-specializes in language, math, logic
operations, and the processing of serial
sequences of information, and visual and
auditory details
-specializes in detailed activities required for
motor control

A

The left hemisphere

83
Q

specializes in pattern recognition, spatial
relationships, nonverbal ideation, emotional
processing, and the parallel processing of
information

A

The right hemisphere

84
Q
  • mediates basic emotions (fear, anger), involved in emotional
    bonding, establishes emotional memory
    – e.g., the amygdala is involved in recognizing the emotional
    content of facial expression
A

Limbic System

85
Q

___________ is continuous with ventricles

A

central canal

86
Q

Central canal contains __________________

A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

87
Q

__________ is composed of bundles of myelinated axon

A

white matter

88
Q

___________ consists of unmyelinated axons, nuclei, and dendrites

A

gray matter

BIO108- GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY (9 decks)

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