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BIO108- GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY > LECTURE 10: IMMUNSE SYSTEM > Flashcards

LECTURE 10: IMMUNSE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q
  • lymphatic capillaries take up and return excess fluid
    to the bloodstream
  • lacteals receive lipoproteins and transport them to
    the bloodstream
  • helps defend body against disease
A

Lymphatic System

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2
Q

lymphatic organs:

A

-red bone marrow,
-thymus gland,
-tonsils,
-spleen,
-lymph vessels (lymphatic capillaries)
-lymph nodes

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2
Q

take up and return excess
fluid to the bloodstream

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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3
Q

Capsule surrounding two distinct
regions, cortex and medulla

A

Lymph Nodes

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4
Q

congregate in cortex when
fighting off a pathogen

A

Lymphocytes

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5
Q

concentrated in medulla -
cleanse lymph

A

Macrophages

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6
Q

Lymph nodes named for their __________

A

location

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6
Q
  • Located in upper left
    region of abdominal cavity
    just beneath diaphragm
  • Cleanses blood
  • Found in all vertebrates
  • Mechanical filtration of red blood cells to remove
    old red blood cells
  • Active immune response through humoral and cell-mediated pathway
A

Spleen

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7
Q
  • Patches of lymphatic tissue
    located around the
    pharynx
  • First to encounter
    pathogens that enter via
    the nose and mouth
A

Tonsils

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8
Q
  • Located along trachea
    behind the sternum in
    upper thoracic cavity
  • Produces thymic hormones
A

Thymus Gland

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9
Q
  • Origin for all types of blood
    cells
  • Area of maturation for most
    white blood cells
A

Red Bone Marrow

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10
Q
  • Blind-ended tube connecting to the caecum
  • Shrunken remnant of the part of the caecum
  • found in the digestive tracts of many extant
    herbivores
  • house mutualistic bacteria which help animals
    digest the cellulose molecules that are found
    in plants
  • may harbour and protect bacteria that are
    beneficial in the function of the human colon
A

Appendix

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11
Q

inflammation of the appendix

A

Appendicitis

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12
Q

2 category of Defense Mechanism

A

-Innate immunity (Nonspecific defense mechanism)
-Adaptive Immunity (Specific defense Mechanism

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13
Q

Category under Innate immunity (Nonspecific defense mechanism)

A

-First line of defense
-Second Line of defense

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14
Q

Category under Adaptive Immunity (Specific defense Mechanism

A

third line of defense

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15
Q

-(non-specific) is present before any exposure to pathogens and is effective from the time of birth.
-It responds to a broad range of pathogen
-Recognition of traits shared by broad ranges of pathogens, using a small set of receptors
- Rapid response

A

Innate immunity

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16
Q

-(acquired/specific), develops after exposure to agents such as microbes, toxins, or other foreign substances.
-It involves a very specific response to pathogens
-Recognition of traits specific to particular pathogens, using a vast array of receptors
- Slower response

A

Adaptive immunity

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17
Q

agents that cause disease, infect a wide
range of animals, including humans

A

Pathogens

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18
Q

recognizes foreign bodies and
responds with the production of immune cells and proteins

A

immune system

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19
Q

All animals have__________________, a
defense active immediately upon infection

A

innate immunity (non-specific)

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20
Q

Components of Immune system recognition and response

A

-immunocytes (lymphocytes and
macrophages)
-plus a diverse array of molecules
(antibodies, lymphokines, etc.)

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21
Q

Formed elements (45 %) – produced by bone marrow

A

BLOOD

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22
Q

Multipotential stem cell —–>

A

-Myeloid stem cell
-Lymphoid stem cell

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23
Q

Myeloid stem cell—>

A

Macrophage Precursor—->Monocyte—> Macrophage

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24
Q

Lymphoid Stem cell —->

A

-B cell precursor
-natural killer precursor
-T cell precursor

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25
Q

B cell precursor—>

A

B Cell—-> (two possible result)—> Plasma cell/memory cell

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26
Q

Natural killer precursor—>

A

natural killer cell—>activated natural killer cell

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27
Q

T cell precursor—>

A

T cell—> (two possible result)—> helper T cells/ cytotoxic T cell

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28
Q

-innate defenses include barrier defenses, phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides.
-Main function is to prevent infection
-Barrier defenses - skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory, urinary, and urinary tracts
-Mucus traps and allows for the removal of microbes
-Many body fluids including saliva, mucus, and tears are hostile to many microbes
-The low pH of skin and the digestive system prevents growth of many bacteria

A

First Line of Defense – Natural Barriers

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29
Q

Components of the 1st Line of Defense

A

-Saliva, sweat, tears and mucus
-Cilia
-Stomach Acid

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30
Q
  • Bathe surfaces and wash away many potential invaders
  • Many secretions contain antimicrobial proteins
A

Saliva, sweat, tears and mucus

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31
Q

❑digests cell walls of bacteria
❑destroys many microbes at eyes and upper resp.
tract

A

Lysozyme

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32
Q
  • Traps particles
  • Swallow or expel
A

Mucus

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33
Q

Line the cells of the trachea
(windpipe) and help sweep
out microbes trapped in
mucus there.

A

Cilia

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34
Q

Kills many microbes
present in food before
they reach intestines.

A

Stomach Acid

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35
Q

Second Line of Defense – Three Mechanisms

A
  1. Phagocytic and Natural Killer Cells’
  2. Localized Inflammatory Responses
  3. Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins
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36
Q

Phagocytic and Natural Killer Cells

A

a. Neutrophils
b. Monocytes
c. Eosinophils
d. natural killer cells

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37
Q
  • attracted to damaged cells, enter the infected
    tissue, engulfing and destroying pathogens
    *self-destruct and live only for a few days
    *Chemotaxis – migration towards the source of
    chemical attractant
A

Neutrophils

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38
Q

migration towards the source of
chemical attractant

A

Chemotaxis

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39
Q
  • transformed to macrophages once they enter the affected tissue; effective and long-lived
  • Macrophages – “big-eaters; engulf microbes in a vacuole – fused with lysosomes – kill the microbe
  • Mechanism:
    ▪ generate toxic forms of O2
    ▪ digestion of microbial
    components (lysosomal enzymes)
A

Monocytes

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40
Q

“big-eaters; engulf microbes in a
vacuole – fused with lysosomes – kill the microbe

A

Macrophages

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41
Q

Mechanism of monocytes

A

▪ generate toxic forms of O2
▪ digestion of microbial
components (lysosomal enzymes)

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42
Q
  • against larger parasitic
    invaders (blood fluke.
    Schistosoma mansoni)
  • discharge destructive
    enzymes targeting the parasite’s
    external wall
A

Eosinophils

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43
Q

-circulate through the body and detect abnormal
cells
-release chemicals leading to cell death, inhibiting the spread of virally infected or cancerous cells
-does not attack microbes but destroy virus-infected or abnormal cells
-do not phagocytose but mount an attack via lysis of infected cell

A

natural killer cells

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44
Q

-Occurs when there is damage to tissue (physical injury) or by entry of microorganisms
-Four symptoms: redness, pain, swelling and heat
-inflammatory response, such as pain and swelling, is brought about by molecules released upon injury of infection
-Mast cells, a type of connective tissue, release
histamine, which triggers blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable

A

Localized Inflammatory Responses

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45
Q

Four symptoms of localized inflammatory response

A

redness, pain, swelling and heat

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46
Q

a type of connective tissue, release
histamine, which triggers blood vessels to dilate and
become more permeable

A

Mast cells

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47
Q

Localized Inflammatory Response : Activated macrophages and neutrophils release _________, signaling molecules that enhance the immune response

A

cytokines

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48
Q

Localized Inflammatory Response: Enhanced blood flow to the site helps deliver antimicrobial peptides that result in an accumulation of ____

A

pus

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49
Q

a fluid rich in white blood cells,
dead pathogens, and cell debris from damaged tissues

A

pus

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50
Q

damage to tissue by physical injury or entry of
microorganisms triggers a localized
inflammatory response

A

Second Line of Defense

51
Q

Example of Second Line of Defense

A

-Fever
-Septic Shock

52
Q
  • systemic inflammatory response triggered by substances
    released by macrophages in response to certain pathogens
  • response to toxins BUT certain WBCs release molecules called
    PYROGENS which set the body’s thermostat at a higher temp.
A

Fever

53
Q

set the body’s thermostat at a higher temp

A

PYROGENS

54
Q

❑inhibits growth of some microbes
❑May speed up phagocytosis and tissue repair by speeding up body chemical reactions

A

MODERATE fever

55
Q

a life-threatening condition caused by an
overwhelming inflammatory response

A

Septic shock

56
Q

Peptides and proteins function in innate defense by
attacking pathogens or impeding their
reproduction

A

Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins

57
Q

Antimicrobial Peptides and Proteins

A

a. Lysozymes
b. Interferon
c. Complement system

58
Q

antimicrobial enzymes present in
saliva, tears, and mucous secretion

A

Lysozymes

59
Q

secreted by virus-infected cells; bind
to receptors of non-infected cells and induce them to produce substances

A

b. Interferon

60
Q

proteins which carry out
cascade of steps which causes lysis of invading cells
and helps trigger inflammation

A

Complement system

61
Q

Second Line of Defense: some microbes have evolved mechanisms for
evading phagocytic destruction. Ex: ____

A

– outer capsules
– Mycobacterium tuberculosis are readily engulfed but are resistant to lysosomal destruction and can even reproduce inside a macrophage

62
Q

key cells
of the immune system

A

Lymphocytes

63
Q

two main types of
lymphocytes:

A

B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T
cells

64
Q
  • Adaptive (specific) immunity
  • Bursa of Fabricius – Chang & Glick
  • a foreign molecule that elicits a specific response
    by lymphocytes is called an antigen
  • Antigens react to specific antibodies that are
    either attached to lymphocytes or are secreted
A

Third Line of Defense (Adaptive Immunity)

65
Q

response mounted by the immune
response (lymphocytes) against pathogens or antigens

A

Immune Response

66
Q

recognizes and directed against
particular antigens of foreign substances

A

Antigen-specific

67
Q

immunity is not restricted to initial
infection site

A

Systemic

68
Q

recognizes and mount enhanced
attack on previously encountered antigens

A

Immune response has memory

69
Q

T or B cells bind to antigens via ______________ specific to part of one molecule of that pathogen

A

antigen receptors

70
Q

a foreign molecule that elicits a specific response by lymphocytes is called an __________

A

antigen

71
Q

Antigens react to specific ___________ that are
either attached to lymphocytes or are secreted

A

antibodies

72
Q

an antibody interacts with a small, accessible portion of the antigen called an ________ or antigenic determinant

A

epitope

73
Q

Each B cell antigen receptor is a ___________________ with two identical ____________ and two identical ____________

A

-Y-shaped molecule
-heavy chains
-light chains

73
Q

The constant regions of the chains vary little among B cells, whereas the ______________ differ greatly

A

variable regions

74
Q

The variable regions provide_______________

A

antigen specificity

75
Q

First step in B cell activation

A

Binding of B cell antigen receptor to an antigen

76
Q

First step of B cell activation gives rise to cells
that secrete a soluble form of the protein called an ____________________________

A

antibody or immunoglobulin (Ig)

76
Q

Each T cell receptor consists of two different polypeptide chains called ______________

A

alpha and beta

76
Q

Antibodies have the
same Y shape as B cell
antigen receptors but are
___________, not membrane
bound

A

secreted

76
Q

The tips of the chain form a ___________ region; the rest is a __________ region

A

-variable (V)
-constant (C)

76
Q

T cell and B cell antigen receptors are functionally _______-

A

different

77
Q

Enormous Variety of B and T cells in the body allows the immune system to respond to
millions of ___________, and thus millions of
_______________

A

-antigens
-potential pathogens

77
Q

What activate lymphocyte?

A

binding of a mature lymphocyte to an antigen

77
Q

although a microorganism encounters a large
repertoire of B cells and T cells, it interacts only
with ____________ bearing receptors specific for
its various antigenic molecules

A

lymphocytes

77
Q

In the body there are few lymphocytes with
antigen receptors for any particular _________

A

epitope

77
Q

In the ________________, an antigen is exposed to a steady stream of lymphocytes until a match is made

A

Lymph Node

78
Q

Once activated, a B or T cell undergoes multiple cell divisions called?

A

Clonal Selection

79
Q

Clonal Selection

A

produce a clone of identical cells

80
Q

Some cells from the clone become short-lived ___________ that act immediately against the antigen

A

effector cells

81
Q

responsible for long-term
protections against diseases

A

Immunological Memory

81
Q

Some cells from the clone become long-lived ____________ that can give rise to effector cells if the same antigen is encountered again

A

memory cells

81
Q

Effector cells are ____________ that secrete antibodies

A

plasma cells

82
Q

The first exposure to a specific antigen represents the

A

primary immune response

83
Q

During primary immune response, selected B and T cells give rise to their
________________

A

effector forms

84
Q

In the _____________________, memory cells facilitate a faster, more efficient response

A

secondary immune response

84
Q

While B cells and T cells are maturing in the
____________ and __________, their antigen
receptors are tested for potential self-reactivity

A

-bone marrow
-thymus

84
Q

What is tested (potential self-reactivity) in the antigen of B and T cells?

A

– capacity to distinguish self from nonself continues to develop as the cells migrate to lymphatic organs
– autoimmune diseases

85
Q

Why is it needed to check autoimmune disease in the antigen of B and T cells?

A

Caused when the immune system mistakes its own cells as pathogens and attack them

85
Q

The defenses provided by B and T lymphocytes can be divided into humoral immune response and the cell-mediated immune response

A

Adaptive (Specific) Immunity

86
Q

antibodies help neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in the blood and lymph

A

Humoral immune response

86
Q

specialized T cells destroy affected host cells

A

Cell-mediated immune response

86
Q

_______ interact with one important group of
native molecules

A

T cells

87
Q

collections of cell surface glycoproteins
encoded by a family of genes called the

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

88
Q

have class I and class II MHC molecules on their surfaces

A

Antigen-presenting cells

89
Q

Two main classes of MHC molecules mark
body cells as self:

A

*Class I MHC molecules
*Class II MHC molecules

90
Q

found on almost
all nucleated cells

A

Class I MHC molecules

90
Q

restricted to macrophages, B cells, activated T cells, and those inside the thymus

A

Class II MHC molecules

90
Q

two main types of T cells, each responds to one
class of MHC molecule

A

-Cytotoxic T cells (TC)
-Helper T cells (TH)

91
Q

have antigen receptors that
bind to protein fragments displayed by the body’s class I MHC molecules

A

Cytotoxic T cells (TC)

92
Q

have receptors that bind to
peptides displayed by the body’s class II MHC
molecules

A

Helper T cells (TH)

93
Q

___________ cells respond by killing the infected cells

A

Cytotoxic T

94
Q

_____________ send out chemical signals that incite other cell types to fight the pathogen

A

Helper T cells

95
Q

How Class I MHC molecule function?

A

If the cell contains a replicating virus, class I
MHC molecules expose foreign proteins that
are synthesized in infected or abnormal cells to
cytotoxic T cells

95
Q

this interaction (MHC molecule exposing foreign proteins) is greatly enhanced by a __________________ which helps keep the cells together while the TC cell is activated

A

T surface protein CD8

96
Q

Binding of Antibodies to antigens inactivates antigen by:

A

-Neutralization
-Agglutination of antigen-bearing particles
-Precipitation of soluble antigens
-complement fixation (activation of complement)

97
Q

Five Classes of Immunoglobulins

A

-IgM (Pentamer)
-IgG (monomer)
-IgA (dimer)
-IgD (monomer)
-IgE (monomer)

97
Q

Blocks viral binding sites; coats bacteria and/or opsonization

A

Neutralization

97
Q

Neutralization, Agglutination of antigen-bearing particles, and Precipitation of soluble antigens enhances?

A

Phagocytosis

97
Q

Process of Complement System

A
  1. A trigger (like an antibody-antigen complex) initiates the complement cascade by activating the first complement protein in the pathway.
  2. Activated complement proteins sequentially cleave and activate the next protein in the cascade, amplifying the response.
  3. C3b binds to the pathogen surface, marking it for phagocytosis by immune cells.
  4. Complement fragments like C3a and C5a stimulate mast cell degranulation, leading to histamine release and increased vascular permeability.
  5. In the final step of the cascade, the MAC is formed on the pathogen membrane, causing cell disruption
97
Q

Complement fixation leads to?

A

Cell Lysis

98
Q

part of your body’s immune system that cleans up damaged cells, helps your body heal after an injury or an infection and destroys microscopic organisms like bacteria that make you sick

A

Complement System

98
Q
  • first to be produced after
    initial exposure to antigen
  • promotes neutralization
    and cross-linking of
    antigens
  • very effective in
    complement system
A

IgM (pentamer)

99
Q
  • most abundant Ig in blood
  • promotes opsonization,
    neutralization and cross-linking of antigens
  • only Ig that crosses
    placenta
  • present in tissue fluids
A

IgG (monomer)

100
Q
  • present in tears, saliva,
    mucus, and breast milk
  • provides localized defense
    of mucous membranes by
    neutralization and cross-linking of antigen
A

IgA (dimer)

101
Q
  • present on surface of B
    cells that have not been
    exposed to antigens
  • acts as antigen receptor in
    the antigen-stimulated
    proliferation and
    differentiation of B cells
A

IgD (monomer)

102
Q
  • present in blood at low
    concentrations
  • triggers release from mast
    cells and basophils of
    histamine and other
    chemicals that cause
    allergic reactions
A

IgE (monomer)

103
Q

what do you call the condition/ hemolytic disease where in a mother is Rh- and the baby is Rh+. The mother’s Rh factor attacks the baby in the placenta?

A

Erythroblastosis fetalis

BIO108- GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY (10 decks)

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