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BIO108- GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY > LECTURE 3: CHEMICAL SIGNALS IN ANIMALS > Flashcards

LECTURE 3: CHEMICAL SIGNALS IN ANIMALS Flashcards

1
Q

Regulatory Mechanisms

A
  1. Nervous System
  2. Endocrine System
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2
Q

conveys high-speed
electrical signals along specialized cells
called neurons; these signals regulate
other cells

A

nervous system

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3
Q

secretes hormones
that coordinate slower but longer-acting
responses including reproduction,
development, energy metabolism, growth,
and behavior

A

endocrine system

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4
Q

____________ are chemical
signals that are secreted into the
circulatory system and communicate
regulatory messages within the body

A

Animal hormones

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5
Q

*Hormones reach all parts of the body,
but only __________ are equipped to
respond

A

target cells

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6
Q

ex: ________________ is regulated by
hormones

A

Insect metamorphosis

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7
Q

Two type of Glands in Vertebrate Endocrine System

A
  1. Exocrine Gland
  2. Endocrine Glands
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8
Q
  • secrete chemicals into ducts and the
    effect is where the duct empties; sweat glands - sweat(evaporative cooling)
A

Exocrine glands

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9
Q

secrete chemical messengers
(hormones) into the blood for distribution throughout the
animal’s body and bind to specific hormone receptors.

A

Endocrine glands

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10
Q
  • Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to
    target receptors, triggering specific response pathways
  • Chemical signals bind to receptor proteins on target
    cells
  • Only target cells respond to the signal
A

Target Cell Concept

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11
Q

Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to ____________, triggering specific response pathways

A

target receptors

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12
Q

Two Factors influencing the hormone concentration in the blood

A

1, Rate of Hormone Secretion into the blood
2. Rate of Removal of the hormone from the blood (metabolic clearance rate)

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13
Q

Clearance of Hormones from the plasma include:

A
  1. Metabolic Destruction
  2. Binding with the tissue
  3. excretion by the liver into the bile
  4. excretion by the kidney into the urine
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14
Q

Refers to the duration of time required to decrease the concentration of a circulating hormones by half

A

Half life of a hormones

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15
Q

Chemical Messengers

A

Hormones

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16
Q

Intercellular Communication

A
  1. Endocrine Signaling
  2. Synaptic Signaling
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17
Q

secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body

A

Endocrine signaling

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18
Q

Types of Endocrine Signaling

A
  1. Paracrine Signaling
  2. Autocrine Signaling
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19
Q

secreted molecules
diffuse locally and trigger a response in
neighboring cells

A

Paracrine signaling

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20
Q

secreted molecules
diffuse locally and trigger a response in
the cells that secrete them

A

Autocrine signaling

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21
Q

neurotransmitters
diffuse across synapses and trigger
responses in cells of target tissues

A

Synaptic signaling

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22
Q

neurohormones diffuse into the
bloodstream and trigger responses

A

Neuroendocrrine signaling

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23
Q

Secreted chemical signals include

A

o Local regulators
o Neurotransmitters
o Neurohormones
o Pheromones
o Hormones

24
Q
  • chemical signals that travel over short
    distances by diffusion
  • help regulate blood pressure, nervous system
    function, and reproduction
  • divided into two types
A

Local Regulators

25
Q

Types of Local Regulators

A

Paracrine and Autocrine

26
Q

act on cells near the
secreting cell

A

Paracrine signals

27
Q

act on the secreting cell
itself

A

Autocrine signals

28
Q

proteins and
polypeptides that stimulate cell
proliferation

A

Growth factors

29
Q

Growth factors

A

Cytokines

30
Q

-acts as a neurotransmitter when secreted
by neurons
-kills bacteria and cancer cells when
secreted by WBCs
-dilates the walls of blood vessels when
secreted by endothelial cells

A

Nitric oxide (NO)

31
Q

-modified fatty acids
-secreted by the placenta stimulate uterine
contractions during childbirth
-promote fever and inflammation and
intensify the sensation of pain
-regulate aggregation of platelets (early
step in blood clot formation)

A

Prostaglandins (PGs)

32
Q

-secreted by neurons at many synapses
-diffuse a very short distance
-bind receptors on target cells
-play a role in sensation, memory,
cognition, and movement
-Acetylcholine (ACh) – muscle contraction

A

Neurotransmitters

33
Q

-secreted by neurosecretory cells
-diffuse from nerve cell endings into
the bloodstream
-ADH (vasopressin) – increases
water permeability of kidney’s
collecting ducts and causes
vasoconstriction (ADH)

A

Neurohormones

34
Q

-chemical signals that are released from
the body and used to communicate with
other individuals in the species
- mark trails leading to food
- defining territories
- warning of predators
- attracting potential mates

A

Pheromones

35
Q
  • chemicals that transfer information and
    instructions between cells in animals and
    plants
  • body’s chemical messengers
  • regulate growth and development
  • control the function of various tissues
  • support reproductive functions
  • regulate metabolism
  • slow acting but long lasting
A

Hormones

36
Q

-Animal hormones - chemical signals that are
secreted into the circulatory system and
communicate regulatory messages within the body
- reach all parts of the body, but only target cells
have receptors for that hormone

A

The Body’s Long-Distance Regulators

37
Q

________ _________ loop
inhibits a
response by
reducing the
initial stimulus,
thus preventing
excessive
pathway activity

A

Negative
feedback

38
Q

________ ______
reinforces a
stimulus to
produce an
even greater
response

A

Positive
feedback

39
Q

The same hormone may have different
effects on target cells that have

A

-Different receptors for the hormone
- Different signal transduction pathways
- Different proteins for carrying out the
response

40
Q

A hormone can also have different effects in
_______________

A

different species

41
Q

Different_____________________ in different cells can lead to different responses to the same signal

A

signal-transduction pathways

42
Q

Three major classes of molecules function
as hormones in vertebrates:

A
  • Polypeptides (proteins and peptides)
  • Amines derived from amino acids
  • Steroid hormones
43
Q

polypeptides and amines

A

water-soluble

44
Q
  • steroid hormones and other
    largely nonpolar hormones
A

lipid-soluble

45
Q

are secreted
by exocytosis, travel
freely in the
bloodstream, and bind
to cell-surface
receptors

A

Water-soluble
hormones

46
Q

Water-soluble molecules bind to receptors
in the ______________ of the target cells

A

plasma membranes

47
Q

has multiple effects
in mediating the body’s
response to short-term
stress

A

epinephrine

48
Q

epinephrine binds to
receptors on the
plasma membrane of
________

A

liver cells

49
Q

triggers the release of
messenger molecules
that activate enzymes
and result in the
release of glucose into
the bloodstream

A

Glucagon

50
Q

diffuse across cell
membranes, travel in the
bloodstream bound to
transport proteins, and
diffuse through the
membrane of target cells

A

Lipid-soluble hormones

51
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones bind to receptors in
the __________ or ___________ of
the target cells

A

cytoplasm or nucleus

52
Q

response is usually a
change in gene
expression

A

Lipid-soluble molecules

53
Q

_______________ binds to
its cytosolic receptor, a
hormone-receptor
complex forms that
moves into the nucleus

A

steroid hormone

54
Q

receptor part of the
complex acts as a
_________________
of specific target genes

A

transcriptional regulator

55
Q

Signaling by any of these hormones
involves three key events:

A

-Reception
-Signal transduction
-Response

56
Q

Water-soluble hormones respond

A

Gene regulation and Cytoplasmic response

57
Q

Lipid-soluble Hormones response in change in

A

Gene Expression7

BIO108- GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY (5 decks)

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