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BIO108- GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY > LECTURE 5: MEMBRANE POTENTIAL > Flashcards

LECTURE 5: MEMBRANE POTENTIAL Flashcards

1
Q

-Functional Units of Nervous System
-receive, process and transmit information to other cells

A

Neurons

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2
Q

Components of Neurons

A

-Soma
-Dendrites
-Axons

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3
Q

metabolic maintenance

A

Soma

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4
Q

receptive surface that brings signals from other neurons toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

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5
Q
  • conduct signals away from the cell
  • carry information for long distances with high fidelity and without loss
A

Axons (nerve fibers)

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6
Q

Types of Neurons

A

-Sensory Neurons or Afferent Neuron
-Motor or efferent Neuron
-interneuron

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7
Q

they are nerve fibers that transmit sensory information from the body to the brain and spinal cord

A

Sensory Neurons or Afferent Neuron

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8
Q

hey are responsible for carrying signals from the brain to the body to initiate an action

A

Motor or efferent Neuron

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9
Q

neurons that connect sensory and motor neurons in the central nervous system (CNS), including the brain and spinal cord.

A

Interneuron

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10
Q

-surface membrane of motor-neuron dendrites & soma – innervated
-Soma integrates input to initiate an action potential (AP – nerve impulse)
-AP is carried from the spike-initiating zone (near axon hillock) to the axon terminal – skeletal muscle cell or gland

A

Transmission of Signals in a Single Neuron

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11
Q

Soma integrates input to initiate an _________

A

action potential (AP – nerve impulse)

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12
Q

AP is carried from the ____________ (near axon hillock) to the axon terminal – skeletal muscle cell or gland

A

spike-initiating zone

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13
Q

Electrical potential differences across the cell membrane cause by different concentrations of K+, Na+ and Cl- ions on each side of the membrane.

A

Membrane Potential

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14
Q

Membrane potential is usually between ____ and ____ mV.

A

-60 and -80 mV

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15
Q

-fundamental property of cells resulting from an excess of negative charges on side of the plasma membrane and an excess of positive charges on the other side
-source of potential energy to move molecules across membranes
-excitable cells use changes in membrane potential as communication signals
-critical for allowing the coordinated movements of cells and organisms

A

Membrane Potential

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16
Q

Nature of Nerve Signals

A

-every cell has a voltage or membrane potential across its plasma membranes
-a membrane potential is a localized electrical gradient across membrane

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17
Q

every cell has a _______________ across its plasma membranes

A

voltage or membrane potential

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18
Q

a ____________-is a localized electrical gradient across membrane

A

membrane potential

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19
Q

What is more concentrated within a cell and what is more concentrated in the extracellular fluid?

A

Within cell: Anions
Extracellular Fluids: Cations

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20
Q

Factors (potential difference)

A

-Concentration gradient for an ion
-Membrane that is permeable to that ion

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21
Q

___________ connected to a reference electrode via a voltmeter (voltage drop across the circuit) - measures membrane potential

A

microelectrode

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22
Q

an unstimulated cell usually has a resting potential of ____

A

-70mV

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23
Q

KCl

A

-100mM inside
-10mM outside

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24
Q

NaCl

A

– 10mM inside;
- 100mM outside

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25
Q

K+

A
  • outward movement
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26
Q

Na+

A
  • inward movement
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27
Q

Cl-

A

no gradient for the movement

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28
Q

equal numbers of anion and cations

A

Electroneutral

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29
Q

with __________ – potassium ions move out of the cell along concentration gradient

A

potassium channels

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30
Q

potassium ions move out of the cell along concentration gradient resulting to?

A

region of electronegativity (inside) and electropositivity (outside)

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31
Q

Excess ___________ inside – draw positive charges into the cell

A

negative charge

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32
Q

as more potassium leaves the cell, the electrical force_________ to a level that balances the driving force from the potassium concentration gradient

A

increases

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33
Q

potassium ions continue to move, inward and outward fluxes exactly balance each other

A

equilibrium potential (E ion )

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34
Q

Nernst Equation

A

Ex = RT/zF · ln [X]out/[X]in

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35
Q

Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation:

A

Vm = RT/F · log Pc[C]out + Pa[A]in_
Pc[C]in + Pa[A]out

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36
Q

-represents the sum of the equilibrium potentials of all the relevant ions
-relative permeability of the ions
-influence of each ion over the overall membrane potential is proportional to its permeability
-e.g.
resting neurons are more permeable to potassium than the other ions
Potassium – setting the resting membrane potential of neurons

A

Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation:

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37
Q

Cations

A

K+ and Na+

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38
Q

Principal intracellular cation

A

K+

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39
Q

principal extracellular cation

A

Na+

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40
Q

proteins, amino acids, sulfate, and phosphate are the principal intracellular anions

A

Anions

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41
Q

Principal intracellular anions

A

Cl-

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42
Q

at resting potential the concentration of K+ is greater ______ the cell, while the concentration of Na+ is greater _____ the cell - chemical potential energy

A

-inside (K+)
-outside (Na+)

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43
Q

______________ use the energy of ATP to maintain these K+ and Na+ gradients across the plasma membrane

A

Sodium-potassium pumps

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44
Q

opening of ion channels in the plasma membrane converts _________ to _________

A

chemical potential to electrical potential

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45
Q

A neuron at _______________ contains many open K+ channels and fewer open Na+ channels; K+ diffuses out of the cell

A

resting potential

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46
Q

Anions trapped inside the cell contribute to the ____________ within the neuron

A

negative charge

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47
Q

-allow ions to diffuse across the plasma membrane
-these channels are always open

A

Ungated ion channels

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48
Q

-have the ability to generate large changes in their membrane potentials
-gated ion channels open or close in response to stimuli
-opening or closing of ion channels alters the membrane ‘s permeability to particular ions, which in turn alters the membrane potential

A

excitable cells

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49
Q

open or close in response to stimuli

A

Gated ion channels

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50
Q

Types of gated ions:

A
  1. Chemically-gated ion channel
  2. Voltage-gated ion channel
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51
Q

open or close in response to a chemical stimulus

A

chemically-gated ion channels

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52
Q

open or close in response to a change in membrane potential

A

voltage-gated ion channels

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53
Q

changes in membrane potential of neuron give _____ to nerve impulses

A

rise

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54
Q

Graded Potentials

A

-Hyperpolarization
-Depolarizations

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55
Q

changes in membrane potential

A

graded potentials

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56
Q

magnitude of the change in membrane potential varies with the __________________-

A

strength of the stimulus

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57
Q

Gated K+ channels open —-> K+ diffuses out of the cell —-> the membrane potential becomes more negative

A

Hyperpolarization

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58
Q

Gated Na+ channels open ——> Na+ diffuses into the cell —–> the membrane potential becomes less negative

A

Depolarization

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59
Q

What type pf grade potential is action potential?

A

All or Nothing Depolarization

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60
Q

if graded potentials sum to _____ a threshold potential is achieved it triggers an action potential

A

approximately -55mV

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61
Q

approximately -55mV is considered as

A

Threshold Potential

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62
Q

In the resting state closed voltage-gated K+ channels open slowly in response to __________

A

depolarization

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63
Q

2 gates of Voltage-gated Na+

A

-closed activation gates open rapidly in response to depolarization
-open inactivation gates close slowly in response to depolarization

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64
Q

Most voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are ____, but some K+ channels (not voltage-gated) are _____

A

-closed
-open

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65
Q

process in generating action potential

A
  1. Most voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed, but some K+ channels (not voltage-gated) are open
  2. Voltage-gated Na+ channels open first and Na+ flows into the cell
  3. During the rising phase, the threshold is crossed, and the membrane potential increases
  4. During the falling phase, voltage-gated Na+ channels become inactivated; voltage-gated K+ channels open, and K+ flows out of the cell
  5. During the undershoot, membrane permeability to K+ is at first higher than at rest, then voltage-gated K+ channels close; resting potential is restored
66
Q

During the ___________ after an action potential, a second action potential cannot be initiated.

A

refractory period

67
Q

The refractory period is a result of a temporary ______________.

A

inactivation of the Na+ channels

68
Q

________ propagate themselves along an axon

A

nerve impulses

69
Q

the action potential is repeatedly regenerated along the _______

A

length of the axon

70
Q

An action potential is generated as _______ inward across the membrane at one location.

A

sodium ions flow

71
Q

The_________________ has spread to the neighboring region of the membrane, depolarizing it and initiating a 2nd action potential. At the site of the 1st action potential, the membrane is repolarizing as K+ flows outward.

A

depolarization of the 1st action potential

71
Q

A 3rd action potential follows in sequence, with _________ in its wake. In this way, local currents of ions across the plasma membrane give rise to a nerve impulse that passes along the axon

A

repolarization

72
Q

in myelinated neurons only unmyelinated regions of the axon depolarize
thus, the impulse moves faster than in unmyelinated neurons

A

Saltatory conduction

73
Q

action potential travels directly from the presynaptic to the postsynaptic cells via gap junctions

A

Electrical Synapses

74
Q

-more common than electrical synapses
-postsynaptic chemically-gated channels exist for ions such as Na+, K+, and Cl-. Depending on which gates open the postsynaptic neuron can depolarize or hyperpolarize

A

Chemical Synapses

75
Q

a region where neurons nearly touch and where nerve impulse is transferred

A

synapse

76
Q

Small gap between neurons

A

synaptic cleft

77
Q

Transmission across a synapse is carried out by________

A

neurotransmitters

78
Q

Process of transmission across synapse that is carried out by neurotransmitter.

A
  1. Sudden rise in calcium at end of one neuron
  2. Stimulates synaptic vesicles to merge with the presynaptic membrane
  3. Neurotransmitter molecules are released into the synaptic cleft
79
Q

Primary Factors Influencing Impulse Transmission

A

-Axon diameter
-Myelination
-Temperature

80
Q

velocity of impulse propagation varies as a function of ________________

A

axon diameter and myelination

80
Q

how fast the membrane ahead of the active region is brought to threshold by the local-circuit current

A

conduction velocity of AP

81
Q

the greater the length constant (distance along a cell over which a potential change decays in amplitude by 63%) the ______ the conduction velocity of AP

A

faster

81
Q

Evolutionary adaptation to increase length constant

A
  • invertebrates - increase in axonal diameter (reduces the internal longitudinal resistance)
    -Vertebrates – myelination
81
Q

increase the transmembrane resistance and decrease the effective neuronal membrane capacitance

A

Myelination

82
Q

when the number of membrane layers wrapped around the axon _____________

A

Resistance increases (cytoplasm and extracellular fluid)

82
Q

when myelin layer in very thick

A

Capacitance decreases

83
Q

less capacitative current is required to change the _____; more charge can flow down the axon to depolarize the next segment

A

Membrane Potential (Vm)

84
Q

Change in resistance and capacitance – increases the length constant = ________________

A

enhancing the efficiency with which longitudinal current spreads

85
Q

specialized intercellular spaces between a neuron and an effector cell or another neuron

A

Synapses

86
Q

-direct ionic coupling
-plasma membrane of pre- and post-synaptic cells are in close apposition and coupled by protein structures – gap junctions – where electrical current flow directly from one cell into the other
- electrical signal is similar although attenuated

A

Electrical synapses

87
Q

plasma membrane of pre- and post-synaptic cells are in close apposition and coupled by protein structures – _________ – where electrical current flow directly from one cell into the other

A

gap junctions

88
Q

-transient change in the Vm of the cell
-spreads thru gap junctions into cell B (change in Vm)
-Potential change is lower in B because of potential drop as the current crosses the gap junctions

A

subthreshold current in cell A

89
Q

________________ action potential might not elicit an action potential in the postsynaptic cell (less common)

A

Single presynaptic

90
Q

Purely electrical means process (without intervention of a chemical transmitter)

A

Rapid

91
Q

Electrical synapsis is effective in?

A

-effective in the synchronization of electrical activity within a group of cells
-Effective for rapidly transmitting information across a series of cell-cell junctions

92
Q

Kinds of Synapses

A

-Electrical Synapses
-Chemical Synapses

93
Q

-signals in the pre- and postsynaptic cells are linked by chemical neurotransmitters.
-slower transmission than electrical synapse
-time lag occurs
-AP may flucturate
-mediated by neurotransmitters (from terminal bulb of presynaptic axon)

A

Chemical Synapses

94
Q

Chemical Synapses type of transmission

A
  1. Fast Chemical Transmission
  2. Slow Chemical Transmission
95
Q

-neurotransmitters (small molecules) are synthesized in the terminals and stored in small clear vesicles
-Transmitters - released by exocytosis into the synaptic cleft
-Transmitters – act on ligand-gated channels in the post synaptic membrane

A

Fast Chemical Transmission

96
Q

-Transmitters are usually larger molecules (amines and peptides)
-Onset of postsynaptic response is slower (hundreds of milliseconds) and can last longer (seconds to hours)
-Vesicles are larger and synthesized in the cell body and transported to the nerve terminal
-Neurotransmitters are released far from where fast neurotransmitters are released
-Transmitters act indirectly through G protein linked receptors to modify channels and other intracellular processes

A

Slow Chemical Transmission

97
Q

Chemical Synapse: Single neurons may produce ______ kinds of transmission

A

both

98
Q

Single transmitter may affect postsynaptic neurons by means of ________and_____________

A

ligand-gated channels and G-protein-coupled receptors

99
Q

Synaptic effects can either be _______or ________

A

excitatory or inhibitory

100
Q

axon of terminals of presynaptic neurons _______ (lie in longitudinal depression)

A

bifurcates

101
Q

Muscle membrane lining the depression form ____________ (1-2 um interval)

A

junctional folds

102
Q

above the junctional folds are the __________ (with many synaptic vesicles)

A

active zones

103
Q

Cleft with _____________ that “glues” pre and postsynaptic membranes

A

mucoplolysaccharide

104
Q

where vesicles are released by exocytosis

A

Active zones

105
Q

_____________ diffuse down Active zones concentration gradient to the postsynaptic membrane

A

Neurotransmitters

106
Q

Example of Chemical Synapses

A

Acetylcholine

107
Q

-generated during transmission of a nerve impulse across a synapse
-graded, with longer duration but lower amplitude (unlike AP which is all-or-none)
-spreads passively and decays with distance
-magnitude related to amount of neurotransmitter released

A

Synaptic Potentials

108
Q

Ionic current that flows across a postsynaptic membrane when ion channels open after a neurotransmitter molecules bind to membrane receptors

A

Synaptic current

109
Q

The same neurotransmitter can produce different _____ in different types of cells

A

effects

110
Q

Five Major classes of neurotransmitters

A

-Acetylcholine
-Biogenic Amins
-Amino Acids
-Neuropeptides
-gases

111
Q

Criteria for a Neurotransmitter

A

-If the candidate substance is applied to the membrane of a postsynaptic cell, it must elicit precisely the same physiological effects in the postsynaptic cell as does presynaptic stimulation
-Must be released during activity of the presynaptic neuron
-action of the substance must be blocked by the same agent that block natural transmission at that synapse

112
Q

-Modify the conductance of ion channels
-Act directly on ion channel proteins to change conductances through the postsynaptic membrane = change in Vm (direct or fast synaptic transmission)
-Biochemical pathway within the postsynaptic cell – change in the state of membrane-associated or cytosolic second messengers = change in ion channel proteins – shift in Vm occur more slowly (slow or indirect synaptic transmission)

A

Neurotransmitter

113
Q

neurotransmitters that act indirectly; modify the behavior of many postsynaptic neurons at once

A

Neuromodulators

114
Q

Types of Neurotransmitter

A

-Neuropeptide (Larger molecules like amino acid)
-Small molecules

115
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Site of Action:
- Vertebrate NMJ (Action: Excitatory)
-Vertebrate autonomic nervous system: pre-to postganglionic neurons (Action: Excitatory)
-Parasympathetic neurons (Excitatory or Inhibitory)
-Vertebrate CNS (Excitatory)
-Many Invertebrates (Excitatory or Inhibitory)

116
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Site of Action:
-Vertebrate postganglionic sympathetic neurons (Excitatory or Inhibitory)
-Vertebrate CNS (Excitatory or Inhibitory)

117
Q

Glutamic Acid

A

Site of Action:
-Vertebrate CNS (Excitatory)
-Crustacean CNS and PNS (Excitatory)

118
Q

y-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

A

Site of Action:
- Vertebrate CNS (Inhibitory)
-Crustacean CNS and PNS (Inhibitory)
-Annelid CNS and PNS (Inhibitory)

119
Q

Serotonin (5-hydrocy-tryptamine)

A

Site of Action:
-Vertebrate and Invertebrate CNS (Inhibitory, Modulatory)

120
Q

Dopamine

A

-Vertebrate, annelid, arthropod CNS, PNS or Both (Excitatory or Inhibitory (?)

121
Q

Glycine

A

Site of Action:
-Vertebrate Spinal Cord (Inhibitory)

122
Q

Neurotransmitter: Biogenic Amines

A

-Norepinephrine
-Dopamine
-Serotonin

123
Q

Neurotransmitter: Amino Acid

A

-GABA (Gamma (y)-aminobutyric Acid)
-Glutamate

124
Q

Neurotransmitter: Neuropeptides

A

-Substrate P
-Met-enkephaline (an endorphin)

125
Q

Neurotransmitter: Gases

A

Nitric Oxide

126
Q

Types of Neurotransmitter based in transmission

A

A. Fast, Direct Transmission
B. Slow, Indirect Transmission

127
Q
  • acetylcholine, glutamate aspartate, ATP – fast excitatory synaptic transmission
    -γ- Aminobutyric acid and glycine – mediate fast inhibition
A

Fast, Direct Neurotransmission

128
Q

Example of Fast Direct Neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

129
Q

What releases Acetylcholine?

A

Cholinergic neurons

130
Q

Acetylcholine in Vertebrates

A

motor neurons, pregangionic neurons of ANS, postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic ANS, CNS

131
Q

Acetylcholine in Invertebrates

A

molluscan CNS, motor neurons of annelids, sensory neurons of arthropods

132
Q

Molecules with crucial structural features in common with neurotransmitters can act on their ________

A

synapses

133
Q

molecules that mimic the action of a neurotransmitter (carbachol)

A

Agonists

134
Q

molecules that block the action of a neurotransmitter (D-tubocurarine)

A

Antagonists

135
Q

-Hydrolysis to ____________ and acetate by acetylcholinesterase (AChE – synaptic cleft)
-__________ - reabsorbed by the presynaptic membrane and recycled

A

choline

136
Q

Condensation with acetylCoA to form ________

A

new Acetylcholine

137
Q

___________________ – ACh lingers in the cleft and concentration increases; postsynaptic cell cannot repolarize; ACh become inactivated (respiratory muscle paralysis)

A

Block AChE (sarin gas, insecticides)

138
Q

released at excitatory synapses in vertebrate CNS and at fast excitatory neuromuscular junctions (insects and crustaceans)

A

Glutamate

139
Q

-transmitter at inhibitory motor synapses (crustaceans and insects) & inhibitory transmitter in vertebrate CNS , peripheral and enteric nervous systems (Parkinson’s disease)
-decreases with Parkinson’s; Baclofen – relieves tremors
- reduces sensitivity of muscle cell to stimulus;

A

GABA

140
Q

Examples of Slow, Indirect Neurotransmitters

A
  1. Norepinephrine
  2. Epinephrine
    3.Adrenergic Neurons
141
Q

excitatory transmitter released by the postganglionic cells (vertebrate sympathetic system)

A

Norepinephrine

142
Q

_______________ and ______________ have similar structure & pharmacological action

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

143
Q

use epinephrine or norepinephrine as transmitters

A

Adrenergic Neurons

144
Q

excitatory or inhibitory (postsynaptic membrane)

A

Epinephrine

145
Q

-Synthesized from amino acid phenylalanine
-Inactivated:
-Taken up into the cytoplasm of the
presynaptic neuron –repackaged into
synaptic vesicles for rerelease
-Monoamine oxydase (MAO)
-Deactivated by methylation within the
synaptic cleft

A

Norepinephrine

146
Q

Some psychoactive drugs have similar molecular structures with ___________, which allows them to act at synapses

A

biogenic amines

147
Q

psychoactive drug that induces hallucinations by interfering with norepinephrine (its analog

A

Mescaline

148
Q

(mimics norepinephrine) and cocaine (interferes with the inactivation of norepinephrine) – interacts with adrenergic neurotransmission

A

Amphetamines

149
Q

Important for nervous and muscular response

A

Propagation of Action Potential

150
Q

-Where integration takes place
-associated with sensory receptor and effector

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

151
Q

3 basic function of CNS

A

-Reception of sensory input
-Integration
-Motor output

152
Q

What produces myelin sheath?

A

-Oligodendrocytes
-Schwann Cells

153
Q

Soma=_____

A

Cell Body

154
Q

Where does action potential is propagated?

A

Axon Hillock

155
Q

Propagation of action potential is more efficient with ___________

A

Myelinated Axon

BIO108- GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY (10 decks)

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