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BIO108- GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY > LECTURE 1: PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

LECTURE 1: PRINCIPLES OF PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

-the study of the biological functions of organs
and their inter-relationships
-studies interplay of factors that affect growth
(connectedness of each aspect of the body)

A

Physiology

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2
Q

Physiology is an____________

A

Integrating Science

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3
Q

brings together everything
known about an animal’s function to create an
integral picture of how an animal operates in its environment

A

integrative science

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4
Q

Mostly producers

A

Plants

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5
Q

consumers

A

Animals

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6
Q

Unlimited scheme of
growth

A

Plants

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7
Q

Limited Scheme of Growth

A

Animals

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8
Q

Non-motile and must rely
on immediate nutrient
sources

A

Plants

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9
Q

Can move around

A

Animals

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10
Q

Use large amounts of O2

A

Plants

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11
Q

Give off CO2

A

Animals

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12
Q

Conserve nitrogen

A

Plants

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13
Q

Gives off nitrogen as waste

A

Animals

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14
Q

Transports fluids/food
through vascular tissues

A

Plants

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15
Q

Transports fluids/food
through bloodstream

A

Animals

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16
Q

Grow throughout their
entire lifetime

A

Plants

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17
Q

Reaches a certain stage and
growth more or less stops

A

Animals

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18
Q
  • study the structure and function of the
    various parts of animals and plants; how these
    parts work together to allow organisms to
    perform their normal behaviours and respond
    to their environment.
  • design experiments - learn about the control
    and regulation of processes within groups of
    cells and how the combined activities of these
    cell groups affect the function of the animal.
A

Physiologist

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19
Q
  • hallmark of physiology
A

Diversity

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20
Q

meeting the demands of survival has resulted
in numerous ________ _________ on the
basic theme of life

A

evolutionary variations

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21
Q

Unifying themes of physiological processes

A
  • obey physical and chemicals laws
  • regulated to maintain internal conditions and
    trigger an appropriate response
  • physiological state of an animal is part of its
    phenotype, which arises as the product of
    the genetic make-up, or genotype, and its
    interaction with the environment
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22
Q

species are compared in order to
discern physiological and
environmental patterns

A

Comparative Physiology

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23
Q

examines organisms in the
context of the environments they
inhabit (evolutionary adaptations)

A
  • Environmental Physiology
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24
Q

techniques of evolutionary biology and
systematics are used to understand the
evolution of organisms from physiological
viewpoint, focusing on physiological markers
rather than anatomic markers

A

Evolutionary Physiology

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25
Q

how physiological processes unfold
during the course of organism development
from embryo through larva or fetus to
adulthood

A

*Developmental Physiology

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26
Q

vital information on the
physiology of the cells
themselves, which can be used to
understand the physiological
responses of tissues, organs, and
organ systems

A

Cell Physiology

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27
Q

Central Theme of Physiology

A
  1. Structure/Function Relationships
  2. Adaptation, Acclimatization, and
    Acclimation
  3. Homeostasis
  4. Feedback – Control Systems
  5. Conformity and Regulation
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28
Q
  • Function is based on ________
A

structure

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29
Q

– Form fits function at all the levels of life, from
molecules to organisms
- Knowledge of a structure provides insight into
what it does and how its works
– Conversely, knowing the function of a structure
provides insight about its construction

A

Structure/Function Relationships

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30
Q

This structure-function relationship is clear in the ___________ ___________ in the shape of bird wing

A

aerodynamic efficiency

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31
Q

A honeycombed internal structure produces _____ _____ _____bones

A

light but strong

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32
Q

The flight muscles
are controlled by
________ that
transmit signals
between the
wings and brain.

A

neurons

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33
Q

_______ ______
provide the energy
to power flight.

A

Ample mitochondria

34
Q

Biological function at each level of organization (Simple to Complex)

A
  1. Atoms
  2. Molecules
  3. Organelles
  4. Cells
  5. Organ and Tissue
  6. Organ System
  7. Organism
35
Q

Physiology of an organism is very well
matched to the environment it occupies,
thereby ensuring its survival

A

Adaptation, Acclimatization, and
Acclimation

36
Q

o evolution through natural selection
leading to an organism whose
physiology, anatomy, and behavior are
matched to the demands of its
environment
o generally irreversible;

A

Adaptation

37
Q

*a physiological process is adaptive - present at
high frequency in the population because it
results in a higher probability of survival and
reproduction than alternative processes.
*physiological and anatomic adaptations -
genetically based, passed on from generation to
generation (DNA) and constantly shaped and
maintained by natural selection

A

Adaptation

38
Q
  • a physiological, biochemical, or anatomic
    change within an individual animal during its
    life that results from an animal’s chronic
    exposure in its native habitat to new,
    naturally occurring environmental condition
    *animal in migrate to high altitude
    o reversible
A

Acclimatization

39
Q
  • refers to the same process as
    acclimatization when the changes are
    induced experimentally in the laboratory or
    in the wild by an investigator
    *animal placed in hypobaric chamber
    o reversible
A

Acclimation

40
Q

The tendency of organisms to regulate and maintain relative internal stability

A

Homeostasis

41
Q
  • French pioneer of modern
    physiology
    ◦ The milieu interieur
    ◦ “Constancy of the internal
    environment is the condition of
    free life”
    ◦ the ability of animals to survive in
    often stressful and varying
    environments directly reflects their
    ability to maintain a stable internal
    environment.
A

Claude Bernard (1872)

42
Q

o extended notion of internal
consistency to the organization and
function of cells, tissues and organs
o “Homeostasis” – tendency towards
internal stability (1929 – Nobel
Price)

A

Walter B. Cannon (1871-1945)

43
Q

The evolution of _______________________that maintain it were essential factors in allowing animals to venture from relatively “physiologically friendly” environments and invade habitats more hostile to life processes

A

homeostasis and the physiological systems

44
Q

o Dynamic equilibrium
o In spite of multiple stimuli
o Maintained by negative
feedback

A

Homeostasis

45
Q

o Homeostasis is the ability to ________________ in an ever-changing outside world

A

maintain arelatively stable internal environment

46
Q

The internal environment of the body is in a
_______________________

A

dynamic state of equilibrium

47
Q

________, _______ and _____ factors interact
to maintain homeostasis

A

Chemical, thermal, and neural factors

48
Q

o Regulation of
homeostasis is
accomplished
through the
nervous and
endocrine
systems

A

Control Mechanism

49
Q

_______ and _______are antagonistic
hormones that help maintain glucose
homeostasis

A

Insulin and glucagon

50
Q

pancreas has clusters of endocrine cells called
___________ with alpha cells that
produce glucagon and beta cells that produce
insulin

A

islets of Langerhans

51
Q

 hereditary factors and obesity play a role in its
development
 high blood sugar levels – sugar excreted in the
urine
 symptoms: excessive urination and excessive
thirst
 if severe: fat substitutes for glucose as major
fuel source → production of acidic metabolites
→ life threatening lowering of blood pH

A

Hypoinsulinism: diabetes mellitus

52
Q

-insulin-dependent
diabetes
 autoimmune disorder
 usually appears in childhood
 treatment: insulin injections

A

Type I diabetes mellitus

53
Q

-non-insulin-dependent
diabetes
 usually due to target cells having a decreased
responsiveness to insulin
 usually occurs after age 40 – risk increases
with age
 accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases

A

Type II diabetes mellitus

54
Q

Basic Component of a Homeostatic Control System

A
  1. A receptor
  2. A Control Center
  3. A n Effector
55
Q

detects changes (stimuli) in the
body.

A

receptor

56
Q

determines a set point for a
normal range.

A

control center

57
Q

causes the response determined by
the control center.

A

effector

58
Q

regulatory processes that maintain
homeostasis in the cells and multicellular
organisms depend on feedback

A

Feedback – Control Systems

59
Q

– return of information to a
controller that regulates a controlled variable
– occurs when sensory information
about a particular variable (e.g. temperature,
pH, salinity) is used to control processes in
the cells, tissues, and organs that influence
the internal level of that variable

A

feedback

60
Q

A regulatory mechanism in which a
change in a controlled variable
triggers a response that opposes the
change.

A

Negative Feedback

61
Q

A ______ __________ mechanism
decreases the intensity of the
stimulus or eliminates it

A

negative feedback

62
Q

The negative feedback mechanism
causes the system to change in the
______________from the stimulus

A

opposite direction

63
Q

Most homeostatic control mechanisms
are ___________________

A

negative feedback mechanisms

64
Q

In negative feedback systems, the
output shuts off or somehow alleviates
the _____________

A

original stimulus

65
Q

a loop in which
the response
reduces the
initial stimulus

A

negative
feedback

66
Q

-enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that activity is accelerated
- mechanisms usually
control infrequent events such as blood
clotting or childbirth

A

Positive Feedback Mechanism

67
Q

Positive Feedback Mechanism is considered positive because it results in change occurring in the ________________________

A

same direction as the original stimulus

68
Q

Positive feedback usually does not
maintain __________. It is
characterized by being short in
________ and ____________

A

-homeostasis
-duration, and infrequent.

69
Q
  • Break or tear in blood
    vessel wall
  • Clotting occurs as
    platelets adhere to site
    and release chemicals
  • Released chemical
    attract more platelets
  • Clotting proceeds until
    break is sealed by
    newly formed clot
A

Positive Feedback Mechanism

70
Q

In positive
feedback systems,
the output
___________ or
_____________ the
original stimulus

A

enhances or exaggerates

71
Q
  • Most diseases cause homeostatic imbalances
    (chills, fevers, elevated white blood counts etc)
  • Aging reduces our ability to maintain
    homeostasis – heat stress
  • If a disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s
    normal equilibrium is not corrected, illness
    occurs.
  • Feedback mechanisms may be overwhelmed
    or may be not functioning correctly (diabetes
    mellitus, clotting disorders)
A

Homeostatic Imbalances

72
Q

*when an organism is confronted with changes
in its environment (e.g. changes in oxygen
availability or salinity), it can respond in one or
two ways: conformity or regulation

A

Conformity and Regulation

73
Q

environmental challenges induce
internal body changes that simply parallel the
external conditions (unable to maintain
homeostasis)

A

conformers

74
Q

biochemical, physiological, behavioral,
and other mechanisms to regulate their internal environment over a broad range of external environmental changes (maintain homeostasis)

A

regulators

75
Q

maintain ion
concentrations of
body fluids above
environmental
levels when placed
in dilute water vice
versa

A

Osmoregulators

76
Q

based largely on controlled
movement of solutes between internal fluids and the external environment

A

Osmoregulation

77
Q

Some aquatic
invertebrates in
temporary ponds
lose almost all their
body water and
survive in a dormant
state. This adaptation is
called _________

A

anhydrobiosis

78
Q

a biological process that occurs when two or more species affect each other’s evolution through natural selection.

A

Coevolution

79
Q

organisms that maintain an internal environment that is isotonic to their external environment

A

Osmoconformers

80
Q

organisms that are unable to maintain their respiration independently of environmental oxygen concentration, and instead decrease their energy expenditure when oxygen levels are low

A

Oxyconformers

BIO108- GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY (10 decks)

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