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APBI 311 > Lecture 6: Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Neuron

A

aka cyton or soma (cell body) with one or more nerve process

processse include dendrites conducting impulses to the cell body, and axons conducting them away

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2
Q

synapse

A

junction of axon of one neuron with another neuron’s cell body or dendrite

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3
Q

Groups of cell bodies

A

within the CNS=nuclei

outside the CNS=ganglia

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4
Q

bundle of nerve processes

A

inside the CNS=fasciculi or tracts

outside the CNS=nerves

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5
Q

Central Nervous System comprised of

A

the dorsal cavity, aka the brain and spinal cord

protected by cranial skull, vertebrae, and dura matter

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6
Q

Peripheral nervous system is comprised of

A

cranial and spinal NERVES;

split into the autonomic nervous system and the somatic portion

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7
Q

autonomic nervous system comprised of

A

sympatheic (thoraco-lumbar outflow) and parasympathetic (cranio-sacral outflow)

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8
Q

brain

A

includes cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem

has four ventricles filled with cerebrel spinal fluid

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9
Q

brain is divided into three parts

A

forebrain=telencephalon (cerebrum) and diencephalon
midbrain=mesencephalon (thalamus)
hindbrain=metencephalon (pons and cerebellum) and myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)

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10
Q

telencephalon

A

cerebral cortex, corpora callosum and smell centre

-encloses the cavities of the lateral ventricles

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11
Q

cerebrum

A

two hemispheres with ridges (gyri) and furrows (sulci); gray matter on the surface, white at center, and used for voluntary muscle control, interpretation of sensations, and reasoning

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12
Q

corpus striatum/callosum

A

connects each cerebral cortex with another part of CNS

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13
Q

Rhiencephalon

A

smell/olfactory brain

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14
Q

diencephalon

A

thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus, most of the third ventricle, and entry site for optic nerves

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15
Q

thalamus

A

relay centre for nerve fibers connecting cerebrum to brain stem and spinal bord

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16
Q

hypothalamus

A

includes the hypohysis and pituitary gland; ANS and hormone control

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17
Q

mesencephalon

A

cerebral peduncles and 4 quadrigeminal bodies=anterior for vision and caudal for hearing

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18
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

continuations of the spinal cord and the brain stem into the respective cerebral hemispheres, containing fiber tracts and nuclei

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19
Q

metencephalon

A

cerebellum and pons

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20
Q

cerebellum

A

many folds, two hemispheres
gray matter surface, white matter center
coordination of voluntary movements

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21
Q

pons

A

bridge of fibers between hemispheres

otehr fiber tracts and nuclei

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22
Q

4th ventricle

A

part of the metencephalon, between the cerebellum and pons and brain stem

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23
Q

myelencephalon

A

aka medulla oblongata, it is a continuation of the spinal cord
control respiration, circulation, digestion, and helps relay signals between brain and spinal cord

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24
Q

brain stem

A

=medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain, many cranial nerves are hosted here
-controls respiration and circulation

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25
Q

ventricles

A

chambers filled with CSF
each has a CHOROID PLEXUS: a network of capillaries
connected with subarachnoid space of brain/spinal cord

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26
Q

meninges

A

covering of brain and spinal cord

consists of dura matter, arachnoidea, and pia matter: site of infection for meningitis

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27
Q

spinal cord

A

continuation of medulla oblongata
distinct segments: pairs of spinal nerves, usually one per vertebra
-sensory=afferent fibers from DORSAL roots
-motor=efferent fibers from VENTRAL roots
central gray matter (gray horns), of mainly nerves cell bodies and processes and white external

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28
Q

tracts of spinal cord: peripheral white matter

A

on each side: doral white column, lateral white column, and ventral white column

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29
Q

dorsal white column

A

afferent tracts: give sense of position

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30
Q

lateral white ventral column

A
  1. dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar
  2. rubrospinal
  3. lateral spinothalamic
  4. lateral corticospinal
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31
Q

dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar

A

to the cerebellum, aid in coordiation of movements

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32
Q

rubrospinal

A

from red nucleus in the midbrain to motor cells in the opposite side verntal gray horn: receive feedback from cerebellum

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33
Q

lateral spinothalamic

A

fibers from dorsal gray horn (opposite side) to the thalamus: monitor pain and temperature

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34
Q

lateral corticospinal

A

from motor area of cerebrum to ventral gray horn: aid voluntary movement

35
Q

ventral white column

A

direct vestibulospinal tract
crossed vestibulospinal tract
ventral corticospinal tract
-their impulses are associated with voluntary motor activity

36
Q

direct vestibulospinal tract

A

from the lateral vestibular nucleus to motor nuclei in spinal cord
-set the tone of the extensor muscle

37
Q

crossed vestibulospinal tract

A

from the descending vestibular nucleus to motor centres of the opposite side of spinal cord

38
Q

ventral corticospinal/cerebrospinal tract

A

connects motor area of cerebrum with spinal cord (same and opposite sides)

39
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

supply sensory and motor fibers to regions of body in area where they emerge from the spinal cord
-limbs are supplied with sensory and motor fibers by nerve bundles called plexuses

40
Q

brachial plexus

A

supplies nerves to forelimbs

derived from last 3 or 4 cervical and first 1 or 2 thoracic spinal nerves

41
Q

lumbosacral plexus

A

supplies hind limbs

derived from ventral branches of last few lumbar and first 1, 2, or 3 sacral nerves

42
Q

ventral root

A

carries efferent motor neurons to muscles and glands

43
Q

dorsal root

A

carries afferent sensory info to CNS

44
Q

gray matter

A

consists of cell bodies of interneurons and some motor/efferent neurons

45
Q

white matter

A

consists of axons carrying info through spinal cord to brain (afferent/sensory neurons)

46
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 cranial nerves, no dorsal or ventral roots, emerge through various foramina of skull
-some are strictly sensory/afferent, and some mixed (while all spinal nerves are mixed)

47
Q

cranial nerve list

A

olfactory, optic, occulomotor, trochlear (eye movement), trigeminal (chewing), abducens (eye move), facial, auditory (acoustic or vestibulocochlear), glossopharyngeal (taste/swallow), vagus (internal organs), spinal accessory (shoulders and neck) and hypoglossal (tongue)

48
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

-visceral part of PNS
-innervates the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
-sympathetic/parasympathetic
most auto efferent nerves synapse outside CNS:
-preganglionic neurons from CNS
-ganglions, and post ganglionic neurons to viscera
-afferent nerves have no cell bodies or synapses outside CNS

49
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A
  • from thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
  • efferent fibers from lateral gray column of t&l, along ventral root
  • preganglionic sympathetic neurons=myelinated synapse with secondary neurons (post-ganglionic) in ganglions close to spinal column
50
Q

ganglionated sympathetic trunk

A

symp. ganglia interconnected, receives white rami communications from spinal nerves
- contains fibers to nerve trunks and plexuses to viscera, ie. greater and lesser splanchnic nerves, preganglionic fibers to adrenal medulla

51
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • 4 cranial nerves and sacral spinal nerves
  • includes occulomotor (3), facial (7), glossopharyngeal (9), which control smooth muscle and glands of head region
  • vagus (10) controls heart, lungs, and most viscera
  • sacral nerves control last part of digestive system, most urogenital; synapse with secondary/postganglionic neurons in ganglion near to organs, making postganglionic parasymp neurons short
52
Q

Summary of Sympatheic NS

A
  • derived from thoracic and lumbar segments of spinal cord
  • preganglionic fibers are relatively short
  • post ganglionic fibers from sympathetic ganglia to organs are LONG
  • prepares for high activity
  • release of norepinephrine (adrenaline)
53
Q

summary of parasympathetic

A
  • derived from cranial nerves and sacral portion of the spine
  • preganglionic fibers are LONG
  • postganglionic fibers are short
  • prepares for low activity
  • release of acetylcholine
54
Q

supporting tissue in CNS and PNS

A

CNS=neuroglia

PNS=ordinary white fibrous connective tissue

55
Q

Structure of neuron

A

processes:thin, few organelles
cell body: large mass of cytoplasm, nucleus, and one or more nucleoli
other: mitochondria, fibrils, golgi network, and centrosome, endoplasmic reticulum

56
Q

neuron class by processes

A

pseudo unipolar neuron: cell body aside processes
dipolar neuron: body between processes, one dendrite, one axon, used for smell, sight, and balance
multipolar neurons: several dendrites but one axon

57
Q

motor nerves end in

A

each terminal branch supplying a single muscle fiber

58
Q

Myelinated nerve fibers

A

white: sheath of fatty material with many layers of schwann cells wrapped around the nerve fiber

59
Q

Unmyelinated nerve fibers

A

gray: surrounded, not wrapped, by ONE layer of schwann cells

60
Q

functions of neurons

A

irritabilty and conductivity of signals

  • perception of changes in exterior environment
  • perception of changes in interior environment
  • ability to adapt to these changes
61
Q

resting potential

A
  • electrical difference between neg. charges inside membrane next to axoplasm and pos. charges outside
  • produced by diff in ions and their charges inside and outside membrane
  • unequal distribution of charges produces voltage diff across membrane=membrane potential
  • mem. pot. varies cell to cell
  • plasma membrane in resting stage is impermeable to sodium and permeable to potassium and chloride
62
Q

action potentials

A

nerve fiber capable of converting mechanical and chemical stimulus to electrical energy
-results from reversal of polarity on plasma membrane created by adequate stimulus, a stim capable of significantly increasing membrane permeability of Na+

63
Q

AP stimulus

A
  • any changes in environment large enough will depolarized the rest potential, causing the nerve to produce an AP (nerve impulse; series of AP)
  • impulse is a wave of electrical charge moving down the membrane of nerve fiber
  • stimuli can be physical (pressure, temp, light), or chemical (parts of body fluids, osmotic pressure)
  • any change in environment either internal or external can act as stimulus
64
Q

threshold stimulus

A

when a stimulus is barely enough to initiate an AP and therefore and impulse

65
Q

depolarization

A

rapid increase in membrane permeability to sodium

66
Q

repolarization

A

getting back to resting potential

67
Q

conductance

A

overall process of AP, depolarization, and repolarization depends on changes in membrane conductance to sodium and potassium

68
Q

nerve impulse

A

propagation of AP in one direction

69
Q

conductance velocities

A
  • speed of conduction of an impulse remains constant
  • different nerve fibers vary in speed of conductance
  • myelinated fibers conduct impulses more rapidly
70
Q

Neuronal synapse

A
  • electrochemical transmission site
  • usually specialized junction between two neurons
  • similar junctions of neurons with muscle and gland cells
71
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

conducts impulse toward synapse

72
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

conducts impulse away from synapse

-excitability is either increase, if excitatory synapse, or decreased, if inhibitory synapse

73
Q

transmitting sybstances/neurotransmitters btw synapses

A

acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, seratonin (stim), glycine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

74
Q

type 1 synapse s type 2

A

1: axo-dendritic
2: axo-somatic

75
Q

factors affecting transmission

A
  • synaptic junction is weakest link in neuron chain, it is here that changes affect transmission of impulses
  • many drugs act at the synapse: morphine, strychnine, and tranquilizers
  • alkalosis (increased pH of body fluids) neuron excitability increases
  • acidosis (decreased pH): neuron excitability decreases
  • decreased oxygen in body fluids, decrease excitability of neurons
76
Q

Reflexes

A
77
Q

two neurons involved in reflex arc

A

afferent/sensory or receptor neuron
efferent/motor or effector neuron
-usually one or more connector neurons

78
Q

spinal reflex=

A

stretch reflex

79
Q

visual reflex=

A

production of salivary and gastric secretion by a dog when it sees food

80
Q

conditioned reflex=

A

let down of milk, etc.

81
Q

reflex centers

A

located throughout the CNS, spinal cord has less complex
-more complex reflexes mediated through reflex centers found in brain: medulla oblongata=heart, resp, swallowing, vomiting, coughing; cerebellum=locomotion and posture

82
Q

Role of ANS

A

maintain stable internal body environment: homeostasis, by regulating activity of cardiac, smooth muscles, and glands
-activation of ANS occurs by cerebrocortical input or by other afferent input to hypothalamus

83
Q

hypothalamus acts as major integrator of ANS

A

-caudal part integrates symp division
-rostral part integrates parasymp. division
fight/flight activity: symp
relaxed vegetative activity: parasympathetic

84
Q

Chemical transmitters

A

postganglionic sympathetic: nor-epinephrine

all other: acetylcholine

APBI 311 (10 decks)

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