Lecture 2: Intro to Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Def: Anatomy
Science which deals with the form and structure of all organisms
Def: Physiology
The study of the integrated functions of the animal body and the functions of its constituent parts
Bilateral symmetry
-split down the middle, half out each pair on either side.
unpaired structures: digestive system, vertebral column, heart, etc
paired structures: ie. lungs, ribs, limbs, etc.
Median plane, aka
bilateral plane
Sagittal plane
an off-centre plane
transverse plane
vertical plane along z-axis
frontal plane
horizaontal plane along x-axis
“Palmer”
ventral/caudal/rear region of limb
Medial view shows 2 cavities
dorsal and ventral cavities
dorsal cavity
brain and spinal cord
ventral cavity
most of the viscera
Diaphragm separates ventral cavity into
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
Thoracic cavity is divided into
pericardial (heart) and pleural (lungs) sacs
abdominal cavity
digestive organs, part of reproductive organs and kidneys
pelvic cavity
terminal part of digestive system (rectum) and urogenital system
peritonuem
membrane surrounding the abdominal and part of the pelvic viscera
4 types of tissue
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve
Epithelial tissue
skin; covers exposed surface and lines body cavities and glands
connective tissue
widely distributed; supports, protects, and binds tissue together; ie. cartilage, bone, ligaments, blood, adipose tissue
muscle
specialized for contraction and functions to accomplish movement
Nerve
receiving and conducting electrical impulses
Epithelial tissue is divided into
simple, stratified, and glandular
Simple Epithelial Tissue: 4 types
simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, and pseudostratified
simple squamous
irregular/flattened shape; lines body cavities, organs, and blood vessels
simple cuboidal
less flat appearance, cuboidal shape, forms the walls of kidney tubules and composes the active tissue of many glands
simple columnar
cylindrical shape, lines the trachea
pseudostratified
bronchiole tissue
Stratified epithelial tissue: 3 types
transitional, stratified squamous, Stratified columnar epithelium
Trasitional stratified epithelium
urinary system and stretching tissue (bladder and ureters)
Stratified squamous epithelium
outer lining of skin, lining esophagus, and is thickest and toughest epithelial tissue
stratified columnar epithelium
pharynx and salivary ducts
Glandular epithelial tissue: function
secretion and excretion
secretion
release of substance that has been synthesized by the cell, usually affects other cells in other parts of body
excretion
expelling of waste products not useful to the cell or body
exocrine gland
glands that empty their products via ducts into a body cavity (mouth, gut, urinary tract) Secretions consist of aqueous mixtures
endocrine gland
glands that empty their products directly into the circulatory system
methods of secretion: 3 types
merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine
merocrine
pass their products through the cell wall without appreciable loss of cytoplasm or damage to the cell membrane
holocrine
entire cell is discharged, ie. sebaceous gland associrated with hair follicle
Apocrine
apical portion of the acinar cell is discarded and the secretion released, ie. prostate and sweat glands
