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APBI 311 > Lecture 5: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Fuctions of skeletal system

A

protection, support, leverage, Storage, blood cell formation

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2
Q

Fuctions: Protection

A
  • CNS protected by skull and vertebrae
  • heart and lungs protected by rib cage
  • internal urogenital system by pelvis
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3
Q

Fuctions: Support

A
  • giving rigitdity and form to body
  • maintain upright posture
  • gives basis for external structure
  • apperance of most animals
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4
Q

Functions: Leverage

A
  • mechanism that augments speed of movement or force
  • levers are mainly the long bones of the body and the axes are joints where bones meet
  • aids in locomotion, defense, offence, and grasping
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5
Q

Fuctions: Storage

A

-Minerals like calcium and phosphorus

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6
Q

Functions: Blood cell formation

A

aka hematopoiesis takes place in the cavities of bone(bone marrow) and in fat

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7
Q

Compact bone/Cortical Bone

A
  • hard layer of bone
  • solid, strong, resists bending (cortex and surrounds spongy bone)
  • covers most bone
  • forms most entire surface of long bone
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8
Q

Cancellous bone/Spongy bone

A
  • composed of spicules
  • arranged to form a porous network filled with marrow
  • located in epiphysis, metaphysis and right outside the medullary cavity
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9
Q

epiphysis

A

either extremity/end of long bones

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10
Q

diaphysis

A

cylindrical shaft of long bone stituated between the two epiphysis

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11
Q

metaphysis

A

the most recently form bone at area on either end of the diaphysis, filled with spongy bone, right before epiphysis

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12
Q

epiphysis cartilage

A
  • layer of hyaline cartilage separating the epiphysis and diaphysis of a immature bone
  • site of bone growth
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13
Q

articular cartilage

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surface of bone

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14
Q

articular projections: head

A

-spherical projection, ie head of femur

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15
Q

articular projections: condyle

A

cylindrical/rounded process of bone that articulates with another bone
ie. distal end of femur

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16
Q

articular projections: trochlea

A

pully-like articular mass

ie. distal end of femur or humerus

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17
Q

articular projections: facet

A

small, flat, smooth surface of bone, generally an articular surface
ie. articular facet of adjacent carpal bones

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18
Q

non-articular projection: process

A

general term for a bony projection/prominenece

ie spinous process of vertebrae

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19
Q

non-articular projection: tuberosity

A
  • large, non-articular projection
  • or a raised section of bone to which a ligament, tendon, or muscle attaches
  • usually created or enlarged by the stress of the muscle’s pull ont that bone during growth
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20
Q

non-articular depressions: Fossa

A

large, non-art. depression; shallow depression or hollow

ie. atlantal fossa ventral to wing of atlas

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21
Q

non-art. depression: fovea

A

small non-art. depression

ie. head of femur

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22
Q

non-art. depression: foramen

A
  • hole in which bone through which nerves or vessels pass

ie. foramen magnum

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23
Q

nonart. depression: spinal canal

A

tunnal through one or more bones

-ie. spinal canal

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24
Q

articular depression: glenoid cavity

A

shallow articular cavity

-ie articular surface of scapula

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25
Q

art depression: cotyloid cavity

A

deep art cavity

ie acetubulum of hip

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26
Q

art depression: notch

A

articular indentation

ie semilunar notch of the ulna

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27
Q

Long Bones

A
  • greater in one dimension
  • grows in length ONLY at epiphyseal cartilage
  • functions as levers, support, locomotion, grasping
  • ie humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpal
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28
Q

Short Bones

A

-equal in all dimensions
-interior filled with marrow space
functions as shock absorbers
located in complex joinst
ie carpals and tarsals, consists mainly of spongy bone covered with a thin layer of compact bone
function to allow movement, provide elasticity, flexibility, and shock absorption

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29
Q

Flat bones

A

relatively thin, expanded in two dimensions
protect vital organs
provides attacment site for muscles
ie Ribs, ilium, sternum, and scapula
consist of two layers of compact bone, with spongy bone and marrow in between

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30
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

resemble sesame seeds
short bone embedded within a tendon or join capsule
ie patella/kneecap; function to alter the angle of insertion of muscle

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31
Q

Pnematic bones (aka air bones)

A

contain air spaces or sinuses that communicate with exterior

ie frontal bones and maxillary bones of skull

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32
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebrae, ribs, not-limbs

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33
Q

skull

A

protects the brain
supports many sense organs
forms passages for beginning of digestive and respiratory systems

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34
Q

Vertebral column

A

-median, unpaired, irregular bones
C=cervical/neck, T=thoracic/chest, L=lumbar/loin, S=Sacral/pelvis (fused), LS=fused lumbar and sacral (fowl), CD=caudal/tail

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35
Q

vertebral formula

A

cow: C7, T13, L6, S5, CD18-20
human: C7, T12, L5, S5, CD4

36
Q

Sternum and ribs

A

sternum form floor of bony thorax
gives attachment site to costal cartilages of sternal (true) ribs
forms place of origin for pectoral muscles

37
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

pectoral limbs, including scapula

pelvic limbs, including pelvic bones

38
Q

composition of bone

A

2/3 inorganic components deposited within organic framework
mainly calcium and phosphorous salts
gives hardness and rigidity

39
Q

altered composition of bone

A

INORGANIC=RIGIDITY
‘minus’ inorganic component=original shape is retained but flexible enough to tie into a knot
ORGANIC=TOUGHNESS
‘minus’ organic component=original shape but becomes very brittle and easily broken

40
Q

Ossification

A

process of bone formation
osteoblasts lay down osteoid tissue
calcified under influence of phosphatase
centre of ossification is the localized area of bone formation

41
Q

Types of ossification

A

dependent on environment

  1. heteroplastic ossification
  2. intramembranous ossification
  3. endochondral/intracartilagenous ossification
42
Q

heteroplastic ossification

A

bone formation in tissues other than skeleton

ie os penis in dog, os cardis in bovine heart, pathological ossification

43
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

bones that originate between sheet-like layers of connective tissues, ie. broad flat bones of skull
-membrane like layers of primitive connective tissue appear at sites of future bones
-primitive connective tissue cells arrange around blood vessels in these layers
-connective tissue cells differentiate into osteoblasts, forming spongy bone
osteoblasts become osteocytes when bony matrix completely surrounds them

44
Q

Osteoblasts form _____ and become…..

A

form spongy bone

become osteocytes when bony matrix completely surrounds them

45
Q

intramembranous ossification process

A
  • connective tissue on surface of each developing structure forms a periosteum
  • osteoblasts on the inside of the periosteum form compact bone over the spongy bone
46
Q

endochrondral ossication

A
  • bone is preformed in cartilage in the fetus
  • most LONG BONE is developed this way
  • the cartilage becomes mineralized and replaced by bone tissue
  • the long bone can continue to grow in length if the cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis continues to grow
  • when all this cartilage has changed to bone, increase in lengthis impossible
47
Q

endochondral ossification growth in diameter

A
  • long bones increase in diameter by producing new bone from the periosteum
  • as new bone is laid down, portion of deeper bone are removed to increase the marrow cavity
  • most notable in fetus’ cartilage pattern being replaced by bone
48
Q

growth of an endochondral bone/long bones

A
  • bones grow in length at the epiphyseal plates, the junction of diaphysis and epiphysis. these junctions are known as metaphyses
  • cartilage cell multiplication in the zone of growth will force the epiphysis away from the diaphysis, thus lengthening the epiphysial plate
  • subsequent removal of cartilage and deposistion of bone in the zone of ossification in turn will lengthen the diaphysis
  • diameter increases from activity of the osteogenic cells in the periosteum
49
Q

epiphyseal plate divides into

A

zone of growth
zone of cartilage formation,
zone of ossification

50
Q

Bone matrix of osteoid tissue

A
  • highly sensitive to environmental changes like pressure, blood supply, and nutrition
  • can decrease/increase in size
  • capable of withstanding tension (stretching), compression, bending, and tortion
51
Q

Bone Fractures: types

A

fracture is a break in the continuity of a bone

includes simple, green stick, compound, epiphyseal, and comminuted

52
Q

simple bone fracture

A

skin over fracture site unbroken

53
Q

green stick fracture

A

one side of bone is broken and other side is intact, often seen in young animals

54
Q

compound fracture

A

a wound from the exterior contacts the bone; bone pierces the skin

55
Q

epiphyseal fracture

A

fracture at the junction of epiphysis and diaphysis; common in young animals

56
Q

comminuted fracture

A

number of small fragments formed at fracture site

57
Q

fracture healing

A
  • fractures destroy blood vessels carrying nutrients to osteocytes, initiating repair sequence (early fracture to inflammatory phase)
  • callus-specialized repair tissue binds broken ends of fracture together (well formed callus/reparative phase)
  • fracture hematoma-blood clot occurs immediately after the fracture, then reabsorbed and replaced by callus (remodelling phase)
  • callus then becomes mineralized
  • reorganization of callus and formation of bone shaft and marrow cavity completes the repair
58
Q

Pathological bone conditions

A

tuberculosis: bacterial infection
osteomyelitis: inflammation of bone and marrow
osteoma: bone tumor; ie. exostoses, chondroma, fibroma, osteoclastoma
rickets
achondroplasia

59
Q

Joints

A

Articulation between bones

  • binds part of skeleton together
  • allows bone growth
  • permits parts of the skeleton to change shape during childbirth
  • enables body to move in response to muscle contractions
60
Q

classification of joints (by degree of movement)

A
  1. synarthrotic: immovable
  2. Amphiarthrotic: slightly movable
  3. diathrotic: freely movable (consists of articular cartilage, a joint capsule and synovial membrane); limb joints
61
Q

class of joints (by type of tissue binding bones): fibrous joins

A

united by fibrous tissue
contains no joint cavity
syndesmosis: amphiarthrotic splint bones of horse
suture: synarthrotic bones of skull
gomphosis: synarthrotic articulations of teeth in jaw sockets

62
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

united by cartilage, contains no joint cavity

synchondrosis: synarthrotic hyaline cartilage joints; the union of diaphysis and epiphysis of immature ebone
symphysis: amphiarthrotic pelvic bones and vertebrae

63
Q

Synovial (diarthrodial) joints

A

surrounded by thick flexible membrane forming a sac filled with lubricant for joints
articular surfaces, articular cartilages, articular cavity, joint capsule, and ligaments make them up

64
Q

structure of synovial joint: articular cartilage

A

resists wear and minimizes friction when compressed as the joint moves

65
Q

synovial joint: subchondral plate

A

bone beneath the articular cartilage (cancellous-spongy bone), somewhat elastic and absorbs shocks

66
Q

synovial joint: joint capsule

A

outer fibrous connective tissue

-helps bind the articular ends of bone together

67
Q

synovial membrane

A

inner layer of joint capsule of loose connective tissue

secretes and reabsorbs fluids

68
Q

synovial cavity

A

closed sac surrounded by synovial membrane

secretes clear synovial fluid that moistens, lubricates, and supplies nutrients to articular cartilage

69
Q

synovial joint: menisci (fibrocartilage)

A

disks of fibrocartilage located between articular surfaces

absorbs shock and provides cushioning

70
Q

synovial joint: bursae

A

closed, fluid filled sacs

71
Q

types of joint movement

A

gliding, angular, rotation, and circumduction

72
Q

gliding

A

simplest type of joint motion
one surface moving over another without rotary or angular motion
exists between two adjacent surfaces

73
Q

angular movment

A

decreases or increases the angle between two adjoining bones

includes flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction and adduction

74
Q

angular motion: flexion

A

decrease in angles, ie bending of arm or leg

75
Q

angular motion: extension

A

increasing angles: straightening or unbending of leg or arm

76
Q

angular motion: hyperextension

A

angle between segments beyond a straight line, like fetlock joint in horses

77
Q

angular motion: abduction

A

moving and extremity away from body (wings up)

78
Q

angular motion: adduction

A

bringing extremity towards body (wings down)

79
Q

Rotation movement of joints

A

movement in which bones move around a central point without being displaced
ie; turning the head from side to side

80
Q

circumduction

A

movment of the hips and shoulders

81
Q

Other types of joint motion: pronation and supination

A

pronation: turning downward; placing palm down
supination: turning upward; placing palm up

82
Q

other joint motion: eversion and inversion

A

eversion: turning sole of foot outward
inversion: turning sole of foot inward

83
Q

Joints of axial skeleton: skull

A

mainly sutures which ossify with age, fontanel of baby’s skull
symphysis of mandible
sychondrosis: junction of sphenoid and occipital bone at base of skull

84
Q

joints of axial skeleton: first movable joint

A

the temporomandibular joint

85
Q

injuries and pathological dirorders of joints

A

dislocation: stretching or tearing of ligaments, tearing of join capsule
subluxation: partial dislocation
arthritis: inflammation of joints
fractures involving joints
thoroughpin: swelling of digital flexor tendon
laminitis: inflammatory disease of hooves

APBI 311 (10 decks)

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