Lecture 6- Liberalism and The End of History Flashcards
Explain how the Fall of the Berlin Wall Occurred
- The Soviet system collapsed by itself, as seen in its economic stagnation in the 1960s
- Economic reforms in the direction of state capitalism and more openness and transparency did not work well together
- Glasnost resulted in delegitimation of communist party leadership
- Eastern European countries took the opportunity to democratise
- Us only surviving superpower the end of history
- November 1989
What did economic liberalism look like in the US?
In the US, the market rules, although in the 1960s, social-economic support programs for social and economic weaker groups were established (Johnson’s Great Society: federal programs that addressed civil rights, education, medical care, urban problems, rural poverty, and transportation)
Dollar became standard currency
What did economic liberalism look like in Western Europe
In Western Europe, there was more state intervention. Socio-economic safety nets were created to support the less fortunate, establishing the welfare state. Developed in Scandinavia than reached to others.
Marshall plan
At the same time, several European countries strengthened their international economic position by creating a larger internal market and removing trade restrictions between them.
European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) 1952,
European Economic Community EEC) 1957.
Included a supranational commission. For the first time, an international organization was being established that seriously restricted the national sovereignty of its member states.
What did economic liberalisation look like in Asia?
Japan, Inc:
a system of managed capitalism with the government
Protecting its export-oriented industry from foreign competition at home
Deciding which industries were important
Offering loans to and creating mergers between corporations to establish even more powerful firms
The four Asian tigers: Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore and South Korea
Walt Rostow’s Modernization theory
Stages of Economic Growth. A non-communist Manifesto (1960)
all less developed countries are capable of going through the same stages of development as Western countries.
Central moment ‘take off to self-sustaining growth’, paving the way for an era of ‘high mass consumption’.
Western aid could remove internal ‘bottlenecks’ to enter the stage of self- sustaining growth.
- Western aid could remove internal bottlenecks to enter the stage of self-sustaining growth
- To prevent communism
- Internal factors economic bottlenecks to be taken away to allow the stages of self sustaining economic growth to take place
Raul Prebisch, dependency theory
Rostow did not take into account the structural disadvantages of many new countries in the South. Their problems were not internal but mainly external.
To develop from raw material suppliers to self-sustaining industrialized countries, a reform of the international economic order that would offer the new countries additional advantages to catch up was necessary.
For the time being, this meant higher raw material prices and the right to erect high tariff walls to protect the development of their own import-replacing industry.
The oil crisis 1973
Oil crisis 1973
* Syria and Egypt attack israel a new arab-israel war has broken out 1973
* Most western countries support israel including us and nl
* Arab countries which start to increasingly work together in OPEC they demand from the nl and us that they stop their assistance to israel immediately and start recognising Palestine right to self determination which some western countries began to recognise
* The nl and us respond to late they start an oild embargo agains us and nl it was difficult to gdet oil in Europe as it usually went through Rotterdam so helped western to recognise Palestinian rights
* Consequences rising prises on the market
* 1979 iran made an Islamic state orices kept rising
* West raised interest rates due to inflation cause by oil rates
* Impacted southern countries they had to pay more for oild and they had huge bets with western banks to develop economies but now interest rates war increasing and an international debt crises occurred started in Mexico then went to whole south
* Less developed countries which have huge problems paying back their western loans and western eu countries suffering from oil crisis trying to find way out of recession which was already visible in many west countries
* Which led too… neoliberalism
Neoliberalism as a medicine: Thatcherism and reaganomis
- Neoliberal Washington consensus
- Restricted public spending
- Lowered import barriers
- Privatization state enterprises and utilities sector
- Deregulation markets (withdrawal of states)
- Spread to whole world globalisation of neoliberalism
- Wealth gap increase
Chinas economic model
- Fast speed econ growth
- Exoport-led industrialisation
- Innovation and technological upgrading
- Poverty reduction
- Independent and autonomous development
- Total control Chinese communist part: state neoliberalism
- Authoritarian and econ success due to neo liberalism didn’t need a parliamentary democracy
Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (1991)
First wave: 1828-1926: Cautious advance liberal democracies 19th century through the introduction of male suffrage
Second wave: After WWII with a.o. Democratization West-Germany, Austria, Italy
Third wave:
1970s second half: End South European dictatorships Portugal, Spain
1980s: Decline of military juntas in South America
1989-1990: Democratization of former Soviet-communist bloc countries
Ian Manners and the concept of normative power Europe
Ian Manners defines the European Union as a non-military, civil power that uses its economic and diplomatic strength to diffuse the principles of democracy, rule of law, social justice, and respect for human rights.
It preaches what it is: a non-military, civil power based on a normative basis (peace, liberty, democracy, the rule of law, human rights)
Post Cold War humanitarian interventions
Parts of UN authorized operation UNPROFOR in Bosnia-Herzegovina 1992-1995
UN authorized Provide Comfort (Kurds/Iraq), 1993
UN authorized UNITAF 1992 & UNOSOM II, 1993-1994 (Somalia)
UN authorized Uphold Democracy (Haiti), 1994-1995
Non authorized NATO Allied Force (Kosovo), 1998
UN authorized INTERFET (East-Timor), 1999
British intervention Palliser as part of /UNAMSIL in Sierra Leone, 2000
French intervention as part of UN operation in Côte d’Ivoire, 2011
UN authorized NATO intervention Libya 2011
US and EU as world sheriff and deputy
Instruments:
Diplomacy
Economic cooperation
Establishment ad hoc criminal tribunals Rwanda & Former Yugoslavia
Establishment permanent International Criminal Tribunal (ICC)
Military violence (humanitarian intervention)
Results latter three: restriction national sovereignty of states
Samuel Moyn’s human rights revolution: The last Utopia (2010)
A bottom-up revolution in western society caused by disappointment in other utopias: western liberal capitalism; communism; failing Third World socialist experiments in Cuba or Vietnam.
Other factors explaining Moyn’s bottom-up human rights revolution in the 1970s
- Secularisation- Western societies, as a result of which human rights not only became a last utopia but a new religion telling us what was good and what was bad
-The media revolution- from radio to TV to the internet- resulted from wars – starting with the Vietnam War (1960s) –entered everyone’s living room.
-The social-cultural revolution of the 1960s-post-war welfare standards had so enormously risen that younger people now had to focus on less materialist issues (emancipation of women and minorities, more democratization in general, poverty Third World, human rights) See: Ronald Inglehart, Silent Revolution (1977)
