Lecture 1- Security Culture

Question 1

Napoleon legacy

Answer 1

• 1792-1815
• David Bell: First World War- Almost all continents- 5 million war-related deaths,- millions more wounded, mutilated- Causing plague & pandemics- Population contractions
• Metric system
• conscription from Napoleon law- All men equal under the law
• Napoleon was not enlightened, but to create the best war machine, he used some enlightened ideas

Question 2

Congress of Vienna Purpose and Goals

Answer 2

Purpose: consolidate allied unity after N, redraw boundaries, settle is use arising from french rev and N wars

Goals:
LEGITIMACY – the restoration of former rulers to their thrones and redraw borders
BALANCE OF POWER – no single power could become so powerful as to dominate the others
OTHER ISSUES – abolition of the slave trade and the rights of German Jews

Question 3

Coffee Houses

Answer 3

-Where liberals and elites went to discuss politics
- Spies sent to scout for fake news and prevent revolution

Question 4

Female Diplomats

Answer 4

• Dorothea Lieven, Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington
• He was a diplomat in London, but she was in charge had multiple affairs one of which was with the British Foreign minister
• SHows a more progressive time, not a return to the ancient period, because more people had a say
  Know this as her letters were published.
• Glenda Sluga writes about her

Question 5

Experimental space

Answer 5

1, Improvising security by means of inventing collective securities
2, Expanding the scope: liberal imperialism?
3, From popular to national sovereignty civilized vs. uncivilized nations

Question 6

Details of the project

Answer 6

• A joint allied occupation with 1,2 million soldiers in peacetime
• 5-7 years of planning and conferencing
• A multilateral project with 8 occupying countries
• A major financial enterprise: 1,9 billion francs in costs
• A blueprint for further expansion in the 1820s
• A world order that kept peace between great powers until the 1850s (or until 1914, if we consider world wars as a criterium)
• Colonies paid for the new imperial system Britain handed out Indian gold to Prussia
• Duke of Wellington, commander and chair of Allied council

Question 7

The Allied Council’s Strategic & Imperial Imperatives

Answer 7

1. Setting up a hierarchy of powers
2. Stabilizing France: through demilitarization, debonaparziation and indirect rule
3. Making the French pay: reparation, indemnities and arrear debts
4. Expanding the scope: launching more transimperial cooperation

Question 8

Hierarchy of powers (Pitt Plan)

Answer 8

1st rank powers: Prussia, Russia, Austria, Britain
2nd rank powers: Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, German states
3rd rank powers: Italy, Poland, Hessen-Kassel, Denmark
Outsiders: Ottoman Empire, Americas

Question 9

Justus von Gruner

Answer 9

-The head of the allied spy agency
- Created a passport wich included the persons ideology with their wealth

Question 10

What did the Allied Council achieve, was it sustainable security?

Answer 10

Yes:
- Creating a conference system resting on collective security
- Erecting a bulwark of fortresses through Europe
- Tackling the ‘seconde hemisphere’: North Africa (corsairs, pirates)
- Laying the ground for further transimperial expansion and cooperation in the 1820s and 1830s

No:
- Claiming moral responsibility to restore order, fight revolutionary spirit
- Reparations completed: 25 April 1818 financial treaty, October/November Aachen Declaration, secret protocol on fortresses, stipulation on payment of loans
- Intervening in the late 1810s and 1820s: in the Americas

Question 11

New rounds of transimperial expansion and cooperation

Answer 11

1. The Allied Commission for the Occupation of France, 1815-1820
2. the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine (founded 1815),
3. the Commission for the maritime Danube (founded 1856),
4. the Commission on Syria and the supervision over the Mutasariffiat regime (1860-1914),
5. the International Intervention in China and reparations commission (1898-1901),
6. the International fight against piracy and privateering (1815-1856),
7. the International Capitulation and Mixed Courts Regime in Egypt (established 1876),
8. the International Anti-Anarchist Campaign (1881-1914),

Question 12

Quadruple Alliance 1815

Answer 12

Austria, Prussia, Britain, Russia
it was officially renewed to prevent recurrence of French aggression and to provide machinery to enforce the peace settlement concluded at the Congress of Vienna. The members each agreed to put 60,000 men in the field in the event of French aggression. More significantly, they agreed to meet occasionally to confer on European problems and to keep European political development within terms of the 1815 settlement.

Question 13

Plan to restore security in the Americas, 1817-1818

Answer 13

Fight against republics in the Americas from the Quadruple alliance+ France

Question 14

constitutional revolutions around 1830

Answer 14

1829 Greek independence
1830-31 Polish revolt
1830 Mehmet Ali’s modernization (and brief introduction of parliament
1830 July Revolution in Paris
1831 Belgian uprising and independence
1830 Insurgencies in German lands
1833 Revolution in international relations: Unkiar Skelessie, Russo-turkish pact
1820s-1830 Latin American independence wars

Hobsbawm: the ‘dual revolution of 1789-1848’ [political and industrial]?

Question 15

Sylvain van de Weyer, 1802-1874

Answer 15

Belgian lawyer, defending radicals vis-à-vis Dutch justice minister Van Maanen
Married daughter of Joseph Bates of Barings
Belgian minister in London
Foreign Minister and Prime Minister
Co-founder with Arrivabene of the Compagnie Belge de Colonisation, trying to buy Guatemala and Cuba

Question 16

ministerial conferences

Answer 16

1817- South America
1827- Greece
1830- Belgian Question
1849- Return of the pope to Rome
1850- The Danish monarchy
1851- Quarantaine and hygiene in Egypt
1863- Sugar tariffs
1863- Transatlantic telegraph lines 1863
1863- Postal union 1863

Question 17

A transimperial collective security system established

Answer 17

The victorious powers established an inter-imperial security regime; hierarchical, indirect, based on financial securities, motivated by a sense of antirevolutionary responsibility

The Paris Conference & occupied France was a first testing ground for modern day European imperialism and the birth place for Europe’s ‘mission civilisatrice’, in Europe, for the ‘seconde hemisphere’ and beyond

This mission was driven by the yearning to secure the world – an inherently hierarchic and imperial logic, resting on dividing the world in threats and interests, implementing hierarchies of securities and risk categories, which made both further expansion and the mobilization of its discontents factually inevitable

Resting on the imperial-liberal nexus of national sovereignty and a distinction between civilized and uncivilized nations

The liberal revolutions of 1830s sparked of further rounds of imperial expansion

Question 18

1848-1856: Integrating nationalism, democracy and collective security, towards a new order?

Answer 18

A global spread of revolutions

A global threat to the existing order

A global clash between the ‘old’ elites, liberals, ánd radicals (tripartite)

A backlash and consolidation of a new order: not the ancien regime, nor the radical one, a bourgeois one

Further radicalization and alienation of radicals

Diverting revolutionary energies into nation building

Question 19

What caused the 1848 revolutions

Answer 19

National integration- Bottom-up national liberation or top-down national integration?

Bourgeois Society- Core of the nation
Civil society of market and public opinion
Private sphere.

Conservative modernisation- Persistence of the Old Regime, Religious revival, Socialist opposition.

Popular Mobalisation

Question 20

The resonance of 1848

Answer 20

Revolutions integrated and absorbed in the collective security system
No radical revolution, but nationalism/nation building
rule and nemesis of the bourgeoisie
conservative modernization, modernization of conservatism
increased mobilities, budding industrial revolution
But: fear for the masses, for revolution and exclusion/repression of radicals

Question 21

European transimperial expansion

Answer 21

17-18th century: Ottoman Sultan gave Roman Catholic Church authority over churches of Nazareth, Bethlehem and Jerusalem

19th century: Nicholas I and Russian Orthodox Church basically controlled and assumed authority, sees himself as defender of Christians and Slavs on the Balkan

1849-51: Louis Napoleon elected President of France, crowns himself Napoleon III, seizes control of the Holy Places

January 1853: Nicholas to British Ambassador Seymour: “We have a sick man on our hands, a man gravely ill, it will be a great misfortune if one of these days he slips through our hands, especially before the necessary arrangements are made.”

1853: Negotiaions in Istanbul, ending in Russian occupation of Wallachia and Moldova

3 October 1853: Encouraged by British and French, Sultan Abdülmecid I declared war on Russia.

Question 22

Crimean War

Answer 22

• 1853 to 1856
• Russian Empire: 700,000 troops
  Bulgarian legion: 7000 troops
  Total dead: ca 522,000 killed, wounded and died of disease
• Ottoman Empire: 300,000 troops
  British Empire: 250,000 troops
  French Empire: 400,000 troops
  Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont: 30,000 troops
  Total: 980,000 troops
  Total dead: 374,600 (200k Turks, 100k French, 3K British)

Question 23

Imposing a trans-imperial culture

Answer 23

March 2, 1855: Nicholas I died
Alexander II vowed change
Armistice signed on 29 February 1856
Treaty of Paris 30 March 1856:
Black Sea became neutral territory, no warships
Ottoman independence and territorial integrity were to be “respected.”
Ottomans had to proclaim Muslims and non-Muslims equal before the law.
MoldaviaandWallachiaback under nominal Ottoman rule
Russia lost territory it had been granted at the mouth of theDanube
Russia forced to abandon its claims to protect Christians in the Ottoman Empire in favour of France.
War correspondents change face of war
Florence Nightingale and Red Cross established

Question 24

consolidation of trans-imperial security culture

Answer 24

Resting on the community of European monarchs and their centralized, top down bureaucracies
Directed at the common threat of revolution, chaos, anarchy
Protective of territories, materialist, capitalist, commercial interests, property
Enacted in emotional support in the populace; legitimized by the Concert of Europe (national and international intertwined)
Articulated in treaties and constitutions, but with a focus on collective rights
With a repertoire of Benthamite, utilitarian methods and practices

Question 25

Creating and consolidating a trans-imperial security culture in Europe and beyond, 1815-1856

Answer 25

Collective security in peacetime, Final Act Vienna/Quadruple Alliance Treaty 1815: Fighting the Spread of Terror together
Transimperial Conferences organized: policing the world (against revolution and radicalism)
Integrating revolutions of 1830,1848 (absorbing bourgeois, moderate reforms & excluding/oppressing radical democracy)
Exporting revolutionary energies overseas
Imposing a trans-imperial security culture on the Ottoman empire, restraining Russia via International Law and armed interventions.
Integrating the new middle classes into this new regime via trade, banking, financial interests and cooptation (Suez Canal, African, Orient Express, Industrial Revolution)