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Anatomy - Module 4 > Lecture 6 - Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the neural plate develop?

A

In the ectoderm

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2
Q

Lateral margins of the neural plate grow upward to form what?

A

The neural folds/neural groove

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3
Q

The neural folds meet at the midline, fuse, and form what?

A

The neural tube

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4
Q

What is a notochord?

A

Defines the axis of the embryo, basis for the axial skeleton and future site of the vertebrae

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5
Q

Neural crest cells give rise to what?

A

The peripheral nervous system

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6
Q

From where does the spinal cord develop?

A

The caudal end of the neural tube

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7
Q

The neural tube differentiates into what 3 encephalons?

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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8
Q

Based on the embryology of the cranial nerves, where do the nerves fall in the different ‘encephalons’ of the brain?

A

Tel - i
Die - ii
Mes - iii, iv
Met – v, vi, vii, viii
Mye – ix, x, xi, xii

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9
Q

Pharyngeal arch 1 gives rise to which cranial nerve? This serves what function?

A

CN V - trigeminal
Muscles of mastication

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10
Q

Pharyngeal arch 2 gives rise to which cranial nerve? This serves what function?

A

CN VII - facial
Facial expression

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11
Q

CN IX (glossopharyngeal) is derived from which pharyngeal arch?

A

3

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12
Q

Pharyngeal arch 4 gives rise to what cranial nerve branch? What is its function?

A

Superior laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
- Muscles of soft palate & pharynx

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13
Q

Pharyngeal arch 5 gives rise to which cranial nerve branch? What is its function?

A

Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve
- Intrinsic laryngeal muscles & skeleton muscles of esophagus

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14
Q

List the cranial nerves and their function (S, M, B)

A

CN I - Olfactory (S)
CN II - Optic (S)
CN III - Oculomotor (M)
CN IV - Trochlear (M)
CN V - Trigeminal (B)
CN VI - Abducens (M)
CN VII - Facial (B)
CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear (S)
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal (B)
CN X - Vagus (B)
CN XI - Accessory (M)
CN XII - Hypoglossal (M)

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15
Q

Which of the cranial nerves have somatic efferent functions?

A

III oculomotor
IV trochlear
VI abducens
XI accessory
XII hypoglossal

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16
Q

Which of the cranial nerves have somatic afferent functions?

A

V trigeminal
IX glossopharyngeal

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17
Q

Which of the cranial nerves have autonomic efferent parasympathetic functions?

A

III oculomotor
VII facial
IX glossopharyngeal
X vagus

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18
Q

Which of the cranial nerves have autonomic afferent parasympathetic functions?

A

X vagus

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19
Q

Which of the cranial nerves are derived from brachial/pharyngeal archs and have special efferent function?

A

V trigeminal
VII facial
IX glossopharyngeal
X vagus

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20
Q

Which of the cranial nerves have a special afferent function?

A

I olfactory
II optic
VII facial
VIII hypoglossal
IX glossopharyngeal
X vagus

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21
Q

CN I - olfactory deals with what? Afferent or efferent?

A

Afferent smell

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22
Q

CN II - optic deals with what? Afferent or efferent?

A

Afferent vision

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23
Q

CN IV trochlear deals with what? Somatic or autonomic? Afferent or efferent?

A

Somatic efferent eye muscle

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24
Q

CN VI abducens deals with what? Somatic or autonomic? Afferent or efferent?

A

Somatic efferent eye muscle

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25
Q

CN VIII vestibulocochlear deals with what? Afferent or efferent?

A

Afferent hearing/balance

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26
Q

CN XI accessory deals with what? Afferent or efferent?

A

Efferent neck muscle

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27
Q

XII hypoglossal deals with what? Afferent or efferent?

A

Somatic efferent tongue muscle

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28
Q

CN III oculomotor has how many different functions? What are they?

A

1) somatic efferent eye muscle
2) autonomic efferent (parasympathetic) ciliary body/iris muscles

29
Q

CN V trigeminal has how many different functions? What are they?

A

1) somatic afferent sensation of face
2) special efferent ear and jaw muscles

30
Q

CN VII facial has how many different functions? What are they?

A

1) autonomic efferent (parasympathetic) salivary, lacrimal glands
2) special afferent taste anterior ⅔ tongue
3) special efferent muscles of face and ear

31
Q

CN IX glossopharyngeal has how many different functions? What are they?

A

1) somatic afferent face, ear, palate, tongue sensation
2) autonomic efferent (parasympathetic) salivary and mucosal glands
3) special efferent stylopharyngeus muscle
4) special afferent taste posterior ⅓ tongue

32
Q

CN X vagus has how many different functions? What are they?

A

1) autonomic afferent pharynx, larynx, thorax, abdomen
2) autonomic efferent (parasympathetic) heart, vessels, trachea, esophagus, stomach & intestine
3) special efferent laryngeal, soft palate, pharyngeal muscles
4) special afferent taste pharynx

33
Q

Neuroepithelial olfactory cells send axons through the ______ of the ______ bone to synapse in the _______ ______ to the ________ ______

A

Cribiform plate, ethmoid, olfactory bulb, olfactory tract

34
Q

Damage to the optic nerve symptoms & their definitions (3)

A

Blurry vision
Monocular loss (prechiasm) - one eye
Homonymous hemianopia (postchiasm) - contralateral visual field
Scotoma - blind spot

35
Q

Damage to CN I symptoms & their definition (2)

A

Anosmia - loss of smell
Ageusia - loss of taste

36
Q

CN II has special receptors cells located where?

A

In the retina at the back of the eye

37
Q

CN III has its motor nucleus where?

A

Upper midbrain

38
Q

CN III controls most eye movements and ________ elevation

A

Eyelid

39
Q

CN III controls _______ constriction & _____ accommodation (_______)

A

pupil, lens, parasympathetic

40
Q

Damage to the oculomotor nerve symptoms & definitions

A

Strabismus – lazy eye
Diplopia– double vision
Ptosis– eye lid droop
Diminished pupillary reflex (diminished ipsi response)

41
Q

CN IV has its motor nucleus where?

A

Midbrain

42
Q

CN IV innervates which eye muscle(s)?

A

Superior oblique eye muscles

43
Q

Damage to trochlear nerve symptoms & defintions

A

Diplopia - double vision
Head tilt

44
Q

CN V has how many branches? What are they?

A

3
Ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

45
Q

The motor nucleus of the CN V is located where?

A

In the pons

46
Q

What are the sensory and motor functions of the trigeminal nerve?

A

Purpose: sensory – pain and touch from face, tongue, ear, inside of orbit, mouth and proprioception of jaw. This is the nerve the dentist numbs.
Purpose: motor – Jaw, mastication eustachian tube

47
Q

Damage to the trigeminal nerve symptoms & defintions

A

Tic Douloureux/trigeminal neuralgia (pain spasms)

48
Q

CN VI has its motor nucleus where?

A

Tegmentum of the pons

49
Q

CN VI innervates what muscle(s)?

A

Lateral rectus muscles (sides of eyeball)

50
Q

CN VII has a parasympathetic efferent function on what?

A

Salivary and lacrimal gland and mucus of nose and palate

51
Q

CN VII has a special sensory function for what sense?

A

Taste - anterior 2/3 of the tongue

52
Q

CN VII has special efferent function for what?

A

muscles of facial expression (frontalis, orbicularis oculi, levator labii, levator anguli oris, mentalis, orbicularis oris, buccinator, platysma, stapedius, stylohyoid, posterior belly of diagastric (not all inclusive)

53
Q

Damage to facial nerve symptoms & definitions

A

Contralateral facial droop (Bell’s Palsy)
Dry mouth and tearing
Impairment of taste and hyperacusis (sounds seem very loud)

54
Q

CN VIII has a special sensory function for what two senses? Where are their cells?

A

Hearing & balance
Hearing - cochlear branch - hair cells in cochlea
Balance - vestibular branch - hair cells in semicircular canals

55
Q

Damage to vestibulocochlear nerve symptoms & definitions

A

Dizziness
Nausea
Nystagmus (involuntary rapid eye movements)
Vertigo (room spinning)
Hearing loss

56
Q

CN IX has general sensory function for what structures?

A

ear drum, EAC, tonsil, posterior 1/3 of tongue

57
Q

CN IX has special sensory function for what structure?

A

Taste posterior 1/3 of tongue

58
Q

CN IX has a special efferent function for what muscle? What action does this correspond what?

A

Stylopharyngeus muscle (swallowing)

59
Q

CN IX has a autonomic parasympathetic efferent function for what structure?

A

Parotid salivary gland

60
Q

Damage to glossopharyngeal nerve symptoms & definitions

A

Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (pain of a nerve)
Allodynia (pain for a nonpainful stimulus)
Some loss of taste or feeling in palate/pharynx, dry/wet mouth
Difficulty swallowing

61
Q

CN X has a general sensory function for what structures

A

Mostly pharynx and larynx

62
Q

CN X has autonomic sensory function for what structures?

A

larynx, trachea, esophagus, guts, blood vessels

63
Q

The special efferent functions of the CN X are carried out by 3 branches. What are they and what muscles to they innervate?

A
  1. Pharyngeal (muscles of resonance)
  2. Superior Laryngeal and
  3. Recurrent Laryngeal (muscles of phonation)
    Innervates the palatal muscles, swallowing muscles and voicing muscles
64
Q

CN X has autonomic/parasympathetic efferent motor functions for what structures?

A

Heart, lungs, intestines

65
Q

Damage to the vagus nerve symptoms & definitions

A

Dysphagia is difficulty swallowing

Dysphonia refers to difficulty producing speech sounds due to issues with the voice box (larynx)

66
Q

CN XI has special efferent functions for what muscles?

A

sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle

67
Q

Damage to accessory nerve symptoms & definitions

A

Weakness in shoulder elevation Weakness in head rotation

68
Q

CN XII has somatic motor function with what structures?

A

Most extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue

69
Q

Damage to hypoglossal nerve symptoms & definitions

A

Tongue protrusion toward weak side
Fasciculations - small, involuntary muscle contractions or twitches

Anatomy - Module 4 (6 decks)

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