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Anatomy - Module 4 > Lecture 3 - Cerebral Cortex Cont' > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Cerebral Cortex Cont' Flashcards

1
Q

What is Phantom Limb?

A

The continuous sensation of feeling a limb that has been amputated
Some patients even feel pain in that missing area.

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2
Q

Why do people experience Phantom Limb?

A

It’s still represented in the brain by the homunculus!
The brain still represents those pain memories from the time of initial trauma, which is why patients may experience pain.

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3
Q

The sensory association cortex is located in the?

A

Superior & inferior parietal lobules

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4
Q

The 5 main functions of the sensory association cortex of the superior parietal lobule?

A

Complex perceptual experience
Sensory loss (fine touch, pressure)
Constructional skills (drawing/copying)
Spatial Orientation (left/right, using maps)
Memory deficits (episodic/event memory)

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5
Q

The sensory association cortex is responsible for detecting sensory loss on the __________ side

A

Contralateral

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6
Q

The sensory association cortex is responsible for processing complex perceptual experiences. What is an example of an abnormality/disorder in this domain?

A

stereoagnosia - inability to distinguish objects by touch/tactile characteristics

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7
Q

When experiencing damage to the parietal lobe, it is possible to behave as if the _____ side of sensory space is nonexistent

A

Left

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8
Q

What are the two gyri within the sensory association cortex of the inferior parietal lobule?

A

Angular gyrus & supramarginal gyrus

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9
Q

What is the position of the angular and supramarginal gyri with respect to the lobes of the brain, and what are they concerned with?

A

Angular - closer to occipital - recognizing written letters
Supramarginal - closer to temporal lobe - more sounding out letters

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10
Q

What are three disorders common within the left inferior parietal lobule of the sensory association cortex?

A

Alexia
Agraphia
Acalculia

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11
Q

Heschl’s gyrus is located in the _______ _______ cortex in the ________ lobe

A

Primary auditory, temporal

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12
Q

What are the 5 important structures of the occipital lobe?

A

Calcarine sulcus
Primary visual cortex
Fusiform gyrus
Lingual gyrus
Cuneus

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13
Q

What is cortical blindness?

A

When both hemispheres of the primary visual cortex are damaged

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14
Q

What is homonymous hemianopsia?

A

Blindness in the visual field opposite the lesion

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15
Q

What is visual agnosia? This is involved with which visual cortex?

A

Inability to recognize objects despite intact vision.
Patients can describe features but cannot identify the object.

Secondary Visual Cortex

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16
Q

What is colour agnosia? This is involved with which visual cortex?

A

Inability to recognize or name colors.
Can perceive colors but cannot associate them with their names.

Secondary Visual Cortex

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17
Q

What is prosopagnosia? This is involved with which visual cortex?

A

Inability to recognize familiar faces ‘face blindness’
Secondary Visual Cortex

18
Q

What is Alexia? This is involved with which visual cortex?

A

Impaired ability to read despite intact writing ability.
Can involve difficulty recognizing letters or words
Secondary Visual Cortex

19
Q

Where is the limbic system?

A

Medial region of the brain

20
Q

What are the primary structures of the limbic system? (4)

A

Hippocampus (+Fornix)
Mamillary Bodies
Amygdala

21
Q

What is the fornix? What is it a part of?

A

Part of hippocampus
Continues from hippocampus posteriorly and anteriorly
- Bundle of white matter fibres

22
Q

The _____ is the output tract of the hippocampus headed for the ______ ______ and the _______

A

Fornix, mammillary bodies, thalamus

23
Q

At the end of the fornix are the?

A

Mammillary bodies

24
Q

The mammillary bodies have a role in?

A

Memory, reward, emotion

25
Q

Where is the amygdala?

A

Almond-shaped nucleus in the temporal lobe
Anterior to the fail of the caudate nucleus
Rostral to the hippocampus

26
Q

What is the function of the amydgala?

A

Function in feelings of fear, emotions, integrative centre for emotions, emotional behaviour, motivation

27
Q

Destruction of the amygdala can lead to?

A

flatness of emotional affect (e.g., can recognize faces but not emotions expressed in face)

28
Q

Where is the cingulate gyrus?

A

Medial surface of the hemisphere
On top of corpus callosum

29
Q

What role does the cingulate gyrus play?

A

Role in motivation, decision making, learning, conflict monitoring, error monitoring

30
Q

Most of the cortex receives input from and sends input to the?

A

Thalamus

31
Q

What would not develop without the integrated input and regulation of the thalamus?

A

Secondary association areas

32
Q

Describe the thalamus & its location

A

Twin bulb shaped regions across the midline of the brain
- Posterior to basal ganglia
- Medial surface: encloses the 3rd ventricle
- Ventral surface: floor of the lateral ventricle

33
Q

How is the thalamus organized? What are the two important regions?

A

Consists of many nuclei divided into 3 groups: lateral, medial, and anterior
- Two important ones: medial geniculate & ventral lateral

34
Q

The medial geniculate nucleus is part of what pathway?

A

Auditory

35
Q

The ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus has connections to what?

A

The precentral motor cortex

36
Q

The nuclei of the thalamus act as a relay station for what types of signals?

A

Sensory (somatosensory, vision, auditory)

37
Q

Where is the hypothalamus relative to the thalamus?

A

Inferior

38
Q

The pituitary gland is part of what?

A

Hypothalamus

39
Q

The infundibular stem is part of?

A

The hypothalamus

40
Q

What structure is the control centre of the autonomic nervous system

A

The hypothalamus

Anatomy - Module 4 (6 decks)

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