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Anatomy - Module 4 > Lecture 1 - General Overview > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - General Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two neuroanatomical divisions?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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2
Q

Where is the CNS located?

A

Along central axis of the body

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3
Q

What comprises the CNS?

A

Brain & Spinal Cord

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4
Q

What are the two types of neural tissue in the CNS known as?

A

Grey matter & White matter

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5
Q

In the CNS, grey matter can refer to:

A

Neuron cell bodies, nuclei

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6
Q

In the CNS, white matter can refer to:

A

Myelinated axons, tracts, fasciculus, commissures

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7
Q

What structures are found in the brain portion of the CNS?

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem

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8
Q

Where does the spinal cord end? What is the structure inferior to its ending called?

A

At approx. the lumbar vertebrae of the vertebral column; cauda equina

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9
Q

Everything that is NOT the CNS is the?

A

The PNS!

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10
Q

What two groups of nerves are found in the PNS? How many pairs of each are there?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves
12 pairs of cranial nerves

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11
Q

Spinal nerves enter & exit where?

A

The spinal cord

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12
Q

MOST cranial nerves enter and exit where? Which cranial nerves are the exception?

A

Brainstem; olfactory & optic

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13
Q

PNS Efferent nerves send ________ to the periphery for _____ and ______

A

motor innervation; muscle control & gland secretion

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14
Q

PNS Afferent nerves bring _____ to the ______

A

Sensory info; CNS

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15
Q

What two types of neural tissue are found in the PNS?

A

Ganglia and nerves

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16
Q

Ganglia are groups of what?

A

Cell bodies

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17
Q

Nerves are bundles of what?

A

Axons

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18
Q

How do neurons in the CNS vs PNS respond to injury?

A

CNS - very limited regeneration; restricts recovery from brain injuries
PNS - neurons here can regenerate! (e.g. cutting your finger off, it can be stuck back on). Spinal nerves & cranial nerves can regenerate

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19
Q

A neuron in the CNS may degenerate back of a lack of _______ (___) or lack of ________ (____)

A

Sender (presynaptic), receiver (postsynaptic)

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20
Q

Axon sprouts are guided back together after severage through tubes made by ______ cells

A

Schwann

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21
Q

What divisions are found within the motor system of the somatic nervous system?

A

pyramidal & extrapyramidal

22
Q

The pyramidal system is concerned with _____, where the extrapyramidal system is concerned with ______

A

Voluntary motor movement, subconscious motor control

23
Q

Where are the origins of the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems?

A

Pyramidal - cerebral cortex
Extrapyramidal - primarily brainstem

24
Q

What two tracts are located in the pyramidal system? What are their responsibilities and where do they synapse?

A

Corticospinal tract - movement of limbs/trunk, synapses in SC & on lower motor neurons
Corticobulbar tract - movement of face, head & neck, synapses with cranial nerves

25
Q

Damage to the lateral corticospinal tract results in what? These effects occur to muscles _____ to the level of injury

A
  • ipsilateral paralysis (inability to move)
  • paresis (decreased motor strength)
  • hypertonia (increased tone)
    …
    Caudal to the level of injury
26
Q

What are the main responsibilities of the extrapyramidal system?

A

Control of:
- involuntary movements for tone/balance
- reflexes
- movements that have become automatic
Facilitates:
- voluntary movements
Inhibition of:
- involuntary movements

27
Q

What are the responsibilities of the sensory system within the somatic nervous system?

A

Collecting afferent signals from:
- skin, joints, and skeletal muscles
- the senses of: taste, smell, hearing, balance
Relays info about:
- limb position
- touch
- pressure at the body surface

28
Q

The autonomic nervous system is responsible for only involuntary/voluntary control

A

Involuntary

29
Q

What’s the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic system?

A

Sympathetic - increases heart reate, slows digestion (fright, flight, or fight)
Parasympathetic - restoring and maintaining homeostasis (rest-and-digest)

30
Q

Where are the cell bodies for the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A

Symp - thoracic and lumbar regions of SC (legs and lungs!)
Parasymp - brainstem & sacral regions of spinal cord (dream & stream!)

31
Q

What are the 5 major divisions of the brain (from top to bottom)

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

32
Q

What structures comprise each of the 5 divisions of the brain

A

Telencephalon - cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, parts of limbic system
Diencephalon - thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus
Mesencephalon - midbrain
Metencephalon - pons, cerebellum
Myelencephalon - medulla oblongata

33
Q

What is the soma of a neuron?

A

The central body, what contains the nucleus

34
Q

What are dendrites

A

Tree like structures that project from the soma, ‘input structures’

35
Q

What is an axon

A

A transmission channel
Typically one per cell

36
Q

What is a myelinated axon? What disease causes the breakdown of myelin?

A

Provides insulation and faster speed of transmission
Multiple sclerosis - breakdown of myelin

37
Q

Where do we find unmyelinated axons?

A

Very short axons do not always need myelin to be fast
e.g. Touch, heat, pain; hot surface touch reflex

38
Q

How long are axons?

A

Axons can be short; <100 microns (micron is 1/1000 of a millimeter) to longer than a meter (e.g. sciatic nerve)

39
Q

What are terminal buttons?

A

Output zones for the axon

40
Q

What are projection neurons?

A

Long axons - can be efferent or afferent

41
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Function locally
More than 99% of all neurons in the body
Connect sensory with motor neurons
Interconnect neurons in the brain

42
Q

Upper motor neurons have their cell body and synapse entirely in the _______

A

CNS

43
Q

Lower motor neurons have their cell body in the ______ and synapse on the _____, making it part of the _

A

CNS, muscle, PNS

44
Q

The action potential travels along what?

A

The axon

45
Q

At the _________: neurotransmitters are released into the _______ cleft

A

Presynaptic terminal, synaptic

46
Q

Neurotransmitters bind to the receptors in the __________ membrane. This is known as a __________ potential, and can be __________ or ________

A

Post-synaptic, postsynaptic, excitatory or inhibitory

47
Q

One neuron may make contact with up to how many synapses?

A

10,000!

48
Q

The most abundant cell type in the brain are?

A

Glial cells

49
Q

Glial cells are also known as?

A

Support cells

50
Q

What types of glial cells are found in the CNS? What are their functions?

A

Astrocytes (nutrients and oxygen, recycling neurotransmitters, blood brain barrier, long-term memory and formation of synapses)
Oligodendrocytes (myelin sheet around axons)
Microglia (immune defense system in the brain)

51
Q

What type of glial cell is found in the PNS? What is its function?

A

Schwann cells, responsible for the myelin of peripheral nerves

Anatomy - Module 4 (6 decks)

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