Lecture 2 - Cerebral Cortex Flashcards
Rank 6 species discussed in class from highest # of neurons to lowest # of neurons
- Humans - 86-120 billion (whales and elephants might have more - 250?)
- Octopus
- Dog
- Cat
- Fruit Fly
- Lobster - 100,000
How thick is the cerebral cortex on average?
2-3mm
The cerebral cortex has wrinkles. How are those wrinkles classified?
Gyri/lobules - the hills
Sulci/fissures - the valleys
You can identify borders of different neural functions by following the patterns of the sulci (T/F)
F!
The bundle of white matter connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is known as the:
Corpus Callosum!
What are the 3 main fissures of the cerebral cortex?
Longitudinal
Central (Rolandic)
Lateral (Sylvian)
What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
What are the two ‘hidden’ lobes of the cerebral cortex?
Limbic & insula
What structures comprise the limbic lobe? (5)
Cingulate gyrus
Hippocampus
Parahippocampal gyrus
Uncus
Subcallosal gyrus
What are the functions of the limbic & insula lobes?
Limbic - emotional drive & survival instinct
Insula - related to sensorimotor functions (apraxia of speech) and limbic functions (e.g. self-awareness, social emotion, etc.)
What structures are highlighted in the medial view of the brain? (7)
Cingulate gyrus
Corpus callosum
- Anterior commissure
- Genu, Body, Splenium
- Fornix
Lateral ventricle
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Precuneus & Cuneus
Lingual gyrus
What structures are highlighted in the ventral view of the brain? (8)
Inferior temporal gyrus
Pre-occipital notch
Olfactory tracts and bulbs (smell)
Optic nerve and chiasm (vision)
Hypophysis (pituitary gland – homeostasis hormones)
Mammillary bodies (memory)
Parahippocampal gyrus (memory)
Uncus (smell, memory, emotion)
What structures are highlighted in the lateral view of the brain? (3)
Frontal lobe
- Precentral gyrus
- Primary motor cortex (4)
- Somatotopically organized
Premotor cortex (6)
- Supplementary motor area
- Superior frontal gyrus
- Middle frontal gyrus
Inferior frontal gyrus
- Contains Broca’s area (BA 44/45)
Who is Brodmann? What did he do?
German anatomist in the 19th century.
Created a cytoarchitectonic map – based on the type of cells and their density in various regions of the brain. Map was later enhanced by Canadian neurosurgeon Walter Penfield.
- “zapped” the map to determine function
- Epilepsy surgery
- Patients were awake!
Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42 make up what?
Auditory cortex
Brodmann’s areas 44 and 45 make up what? What is 44 specifically?
Motor speech - Broca’s is 44 specifically
Brodmann’s areas 1, 2, & 3 make up what?
Primary somatosensory cortex
Brodmann’s area 4 makes up what? What is its function?
Primary motor area (execution)
Brodmann’s area 6 makes up what? What is its function?
Premotor area (planning)
What are the primary and secondary/association Motor areas (Brodmann’s)
Primary- 4
S/A- 6, 9/10, 11, 44
What are the primary and secondary/association Sensory areas (Brodmann’s)
Primary - 1,2,3
S/A - 7, 39, 40
What are the primary and secondary/association Auditory areas (Brodmann’s)
Primary - 42
S/A- 22
What are the primary and secondary/association Visual areas (Brodmann’s)
Primary - 17
S/A - 18, 19
3 structures within the inferior frontal gyrus are the pars _____, ______, and _____ (“TOO”)
triangularis, orbitalis, opercularis
