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Anatomy - Module 4 > Lecture 5 - Blood & Meninges > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Blood & Meninges Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two subsystems of the cerebrovascular system?

A

Atrial & Venous

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2
Q

The atrial system has what 3 structures, in order from largest to smallest?

A

Arteries, arterioles, capillaries

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3
Q

The venous system has what three structures, in order from smallest to largest?

A

Venules, veins, sinuses

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4
Q

What do the atrial and venous systems do?

A

Atrial System → supplies oxygenated blood to the brain
Venous System → removes deoxygenated blood from the brain back to the heart & lungs

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5
Q

Neurons are more/less sensitive to oxygen deprivation than other cells

A

More

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6
Q

Deprivation of blood to the brain for 4-6 mins results in what?

A

Irreversible brain damage

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7
Q

Systolic vs Diastolic

A

Systolic - pressure away from the heart
Diastolic - passive return of blood towards the heart

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8
Q

The internal carotid system contains what two types of arteries?

A

Anterior cerebral arteries & middle cerebral arteries

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8
Q

What are the two main systems of blood supply of the brain?

A

Internal carotid system & Vertebrobasilar system

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9
Q

What are the 5 main inputs of the cerebrovascular system?

A

Vertebral arteries
Basilar artery
Circle of willis
Posterior cerebral arteries
Internal Carotid

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9
Q

The vertebrobasilar system contains _______ arteries as well as _________

A

Cerebellar
Right & left vertebral arteries

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10
Q

The right and left vertebral arteries form the ______ artery at the level of the pons

A

Basilar

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11
Q

Where do each of the 4 main inputs of the cerebrovascular system supply the blood to?

A

Vertebral arteries - posterior parts of brain + cerebellum & brainstem
Basilar artery - posterior brain & brainstem
Circle of willis - collateral circulation (ensures blood flows even if one part of system is compromised)
Posterior cerebral arteries - occipital lobes
Internal Carotid - major cerebral artery!!!

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12
Q

What are the branches of the internal carotid artery? Where do they supply blood to?

A

Anterior cerebral arteries - medial portions of the frontal lobe & superior medial parietal lobes
Middle cerebral arteries - lateral portions of brain (inclu. parts of frontal, temporal & parietal lobes)

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13
Q

What are the two types of cerebral veins?

A

Superficial & deep

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14
Q

What is the role of the superior cerebral veins? Where does the blood drain?

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the cortical surfaces (drains superior, lateral & medial surfaces of the hemispheres)
Drain into the superior and inferior sagittal sinus, the straight sinus and transverse sinus

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15
Q

What is the role of the deep cerebral veins? Where does the blood drain?

A
  • Drain the deep structures of the brain (e.g. white matter & basal ganglia)
  • Converge on the internal cerebral veins (inferior sagittal sinus above 3rd ventricle)
  • Form the great cerebral vein
  • Continues into the straight sinus and the sigmoid sinus
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16
Q

What are the four sinuses of the cerebral venous system?

A

Superior sagittal
Inferior sagittal
Straight
Transverse

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17
Q

Which of the 4 sinuses is the largest?

A

Superior sagittal

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18
Q

Which of the sinuses is located at the base of the brain (posterior and superior to the cerebellum)?

A

Straight sinus

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19
Q

The transverse sinus is bilateral, lateral to the cerebellum, and runs in grooves of the _____ bone & _____ portion of the temporal bone

A

Occipital, squamous

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20
Q

The inferior sagittal sinus drains which venous system? The medial aspect of which lobe? Which gryus?

A

Superficial cerebral
Frontal
Cingulate

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21
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier? What are its purposes?

A

What: Interface capillaries with surrounding brain tissue
Purposes: Protect brain against toxic substances &
Protect against abnormal variations in concentration of ions and molecules

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22
Q

What are the 3 cortical arteries?

A

Anterior cerebral
Middle cerebral
Posterior cerebral

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23
Q

The anterior cerebral artery travels in the interhemispheric fissure along the corpus callosum and stops where?

A

Occipital lobe

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24
Q

The anterior cerebral arteries supplies blood to the ____ and _____ for which body parts?

A

Sensory & motor cortices, feet & legs

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25
Q

T/F The middle cerebral artery is the smallest of the cortical arties

A

F. It’s the largest

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26
Q

The middle cerebral artery supplies blood to the sensory and motor cortices for which body parts? What other structures does it supply blood to?

A

Arms, hands, face
Parietal lobe, premotor area, broca’s area, basal ganglia

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27
Q

The posterior cerebral artery splits from the basilar artery to go laterally to _______ and caudally to ________

A

Inferior temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

28
Q

Additionally to the inferior temporal lobe & the occipital lobe, what other structures does the posterior cerebral artery supply blood to?

A

Thalamus & midbrain

29
Q

What is a CVA?

A

Cerebrovascular Accident “stroke” - brain cells die because they are deprived of oxygen and glucose

30
Q

What are the two main types of strokes?

A

Ischemic/occlusive & hemorrhagic

31
Q

Within occlusive strokes, what are the 3 subtypes?

A

Transient Ischemic Attacks (TIA) → temporary interruption of blood flow for a few minutes to an hour
Thrombotic (50%) → when a blood clot (thrombus) forms in an artery that supplies blood to the brain, typically at a site of atherosclerosis (narrowing of the artery due to plaque buildup)
Embolic (30) → when a blood clot or debris (embolus) forms elsewhere in the body (such as the heart or another artery) and travels through the bloodstream to lodge in a cerebral artery, blocking blood flow

32
Q

What is a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

a blood vessel ruptures, causing bleeding (hemorrhage) into or around the brain

33
Q

What is an occlusive stroke?

A

Happens when an artery supplying blood to the brain becomes blocked, reducing blood flow (ischemia). This type of stroke is the most common.

34
Q

What is the difference between intracerebral & extracerebral hemorrhage?

A

Intracerebral hemorrhage: Bleeding occurs within the brain tissue itself
Extracerebral hemorrhage: Bleeding occurs within the meninges

35
Q

What are the 3 types of extracerebral hemorrhage?

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Bleeding occurs in the space between the brain and the thin tissues covering it (subarachnoid space).
Subdural –under dura mater
Epidural –under the skull

36
Q

What are Arteriovenous Malformations?

A

Abnormal tangles of blood vessels connecting arteries and veins, which can rupture and cause hemorrhagic strokes.
- AVMs are a congenital condition, but they may remain unnoticed until they cause problems such as seizures, headaches, or a hemorrhage.

37
Q

How many meninges are in the brain?

A

3

38
Q

What are the purposes of the meninges? (4)

A
  1. Maintain the brain in a fluid suspension/cushion
  2. Holding structures in place during movement
  3. Provide nutrients (CSF)
  4. Passageway for blood vessels (arachnoid mater)
39
Q

What are the 3 meningeal layers called, from outermost-innermost?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater

40
Q

Which meningeal layer is the toughest? Which one is considered “tender”?

A

Dura, pia

41
Q

What are the layers of the dura mater? Where are they?

A

The periosteal layer (which is attached to the skull) and the meningeal layer (which is continuous with the spinal dura mater)

42
Q

The dura mater forms ________, which collect venous blood from the brain and direct it towards the _______ veins

A

Dural sinuses, internal jugular

43
Q

What is the space beneath the arachnoid mater called? What is it filled with? What else does it contain?

A

Subarachnoid space, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Contains major blood vessels

44
Q

The arachnoid mater acts as what?

A

Shock absorber

45
Q

The ____ mater is transparent and thin

A

Pia

46
Q

Which meningeal layer does not peel off well from the brain? Why?

A

Pia
It closely adheres to the brain’s contours, following its folds and grooves

47
Q

What is the space between the outer layer of the dura mater and inner surface of the skull/vertebral canal known as?

A

Epidural space

48
Q

What is the space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater known as?

A

Subdural space

49
Q
A
50
Q

What is the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater known as?

A

Subarachnoid space

51
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid? Where is it?

A

A clear, colorless fluid that fills the subarachnoid space and circulates around the brain and spinal cord.

51
Q

What is a hematoma?

A

An abnormal collection of blood that forms outside of blood vessels, usually after a hemorrhage has occurred.

51
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Cushioning: Provides a protective cushion for the brain and spinal cord, absorbing shocks from movements or trauma.

Nutrient Supply: Delivers essential nutrients and removes waste products from the brain.

Pressure Regulation: Helps maintain intracranial pressure and provides buoyancy to the brain

52
Q

What are the two types of hematoma? Where do they occur?

A

Epidural Hematoma: Occurs between the skull and the dura mater.
Subdural Hematoma: Occurs between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.

53
Q

How many ventricles do we have? What do they do?

A

4
Circulate cerebrospinal fluid

54
Q

What are the 4 ventricles called?

A

2 lateral
3rd ventricle
4th ventricle

55
Q

How is the ventricle system interconnected to the subarachnoid space?

A

Through the foramen in the 4th ventricle

56
Q

Which ventricle(s) have an anterior horn, a posterior horn & an inferior horn?

A

The lateral ventricles!

57
Q

What is the function of the lateral ventricles?

A

Produce a significant portion of the brain’s CSF through the choroid plexus, a network of blood vessels within the ventricles.
The CSF flows from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle via the interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro).

58
Q

Where is the third ventricle?

A

A narrow, midline cavity located between the two halves of the thalamus. (diencephalon)

59
Q

What is the function of the third ventricle?

A

It receives CSF from the lateral ventricles and contains choroid plexus that contributes to CSF production.

60
Q

How does the CSF flow from the 3rd to the 4th ventricle?

A

Goes through the cerebral aqueduct

61
Q

Where is the fourth ventricle?

A

Situated between the brainstem (pons and medulla oblongata) and the cerebellum.

62
Q

How does CSF exit the fourth ventricle and enter the subarachnoid space?

A

The median aperture (foramen of Magendie) in the midline.
The lateral apertures (foramina of Luschka) on each side.

63
Q

CSF acts a ______ and protects the _____ and _______ from excessive de/acceleration

A

Cushion, brain & spinal cord

64
Q

The CSF is an active transport system to participate in removal of _______ and _____. This is then reabsorbed by the _____ _____ that dump into the ______ sinus

A

Harmful substances & waste
Arachnoid granulations
Superior sagittal

65
Q

T/F The draining of CSF is a pressure sensitive process dependent on production

A

F. Independent of production

66
Q

What is hydrocephalus?

A
  • Hydrocephalus results from increased fluid but less drainage and increased intracranial pressure
  • Caused by + production of CSF, - reabsorption of CSF, or – drainage.
  • Enlarged ventricles and enlarged cranium in children because skull bones haven’t fused yet (fontanelles).

Anatomy - Module 4 (6 decks)

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