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Biology 112 > Lecture 6: Carbohydrates and Lipids > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Carbohydrates and Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

Three categories of carbohydrates

A
  1. Monosaccharides: single sugar molecules
  2. Disaccharides: two sugar molecules linked covalently
  3. Polysaccharides: Multiple sugar molecules linked together covalently
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2
Q

How are carbons, oxygens and hydrogens related in carbohydrates?

A

There are always the same number of carbons as oxygens and always double the amount of hydrogens

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3
Q

Difference between sugars and alcohols?

A

Sugars either have an aldehyde at the end of the molecule or a ketone in the middle of the molecule.

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4
Q

What is an isomer?

A

Molecule with the same molecular formula but different structure

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5
Q

Do isomers have the same chemical properties?

A

Yes

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6
Q

What is an optical isomer?

A

When four different atoms are attached to a central carbon atom in two different ways, these are called optical isomers

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7
Q

What is a glycosidic linkage?

A

Bond between a carbohydrate and another molecule(can be another carbohydrate)

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8
Q

Why are alpha-glucose and beta-glucose the only two disaccharides that matter?

A

Those are the only two that enzymes evolved to catalyze

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9
Q

What is starch?

A

Starch is a polysaccharide made from alpha(1-4 linkages) between alpha glucose molecules

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10
Q

What is starch in plants?

A

Amylose

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11
Q

Is starch branched or unbranched?

A

Unbranched(just a long chain)

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12
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

Moderately branched starch found in plants

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13
Q

What is glycogen?

A

Moderately branched starch found in animals

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14
Q

Is starch hard to breakdown?

A

NO

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15
Q

How is cellobiose made?

A

Two beta-glucose molecules from a beta 1-4 link to create cellobiose

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16
Q

Cellobiose vs Cellulose

A

Cellobiose: disaccharide
Cellulose: polysaccharide

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17
Q

Is cellulose branched or unbranched?

A

UNBRANCHED

18
Q

Characteristics of cellulose?

A

-Very linear
-Very symmetrical
-Branched
-Hard to breakdown

19
Q

What happens when you line up multiple cellulose strands next to each other?

A

Hydrogen bonds form between the strands, resulting in a very stable structure that can be hard to breakdown

20
Q

What is the role of oligosaccharides?

A

They determine blood groups in our body
-They attach to proteins

21
Q

Roles of lipids(7)

A
  1. Energy storage
  2. Cell membranes
  3. Capture of light and energy(carotenoids)
  4. Hormones and vitamins
  5. Thermal Insulation
  6. Electrical Insulation of nerves
  7. Water repellency(waxes and oils)
22
Q

Characteristics of lipid?

A

-insoluble in water
- not polymers

23
Q

Why are lipids in soluble in water?

A

-Lipids are made up of C-H bonds which are non-polar and hydrophobic. Since “like” dissolves “like” and water is polar, lipids are not soluble in water

24
Q

Structure of fatty acids

A
  • Carboxyl group (COOH) at one end of the chain
    -At the other end straight carbon-hydrogen(hydrocarbon) chain
25
Q

What is amphiphilic?

A

Something that is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic

26
Q

Characteristics of fatty acids(2)?

A

-Derived from fats and oils
-Amphiphilic(hydrophilic carboxyl group, hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain)

27
Q

Saturated vs Unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated: Carbon chains completely surrounded by hydrogens, no double bonds
Unsaturated: Carbon chains missing some hydrogens, results in a double bond and kink in the hydrocarbon chain.

28
Q

How are fats formed?

A

Fats are formed from three fatty acid chains covalently linked together via ester linkages to a glycerol molecule

29
Q

What is glycerol?

A

Three carbon compound with each carbon being attached to one hydroxyl group

30
Q

How do ester linkages occur in fatty acids?

A

OH of carboxyl group of fatty acid reacts with OH group of glycerol and forms an ester linkage releasing one water molecule (oxygen is now bound to carbon)

31
Q

What is the structure of a phospholipid?

A

-Two hydrocarbon chains(non-polar)
- Hydrophilic head group(polar)

32
Q

What is found in the hydrophilic head group of the phospholipid?

A

-Phosphate groups
-Charged Molecules

33
Q

Characteristics of the lipid bilayer?

A

-Fluid
-Things inserted into it can move laterally
-Temperature affects it fluidity/ridgidity

34
Q

What happened when the lipid bilayer is subject to cold temperatures?

A
  1. there is an increase in phospholipids with unsaturated hydrocarbon tails(the kinks allow for more freedom of movement)
  2. Phospholipids decrease their tails lengths
35
Q

What happened when the lipid bilayer is subject to hot temperatures?

A
  1. Less unsaturated fatty acid tails
  2. Tail length increases(increases drag)
36
Q

Functions of sugar?

A
  • Energy storage
    -Building block for nucleic acids
    -Structural component
37
Q

What two functional groups can be found in sugars?

A
  1. Hydroxyl
  2. Carbonyl(aldehyde/ketone)
38
Q

What molecule does alpha 1-4 linkage give rise to?

A

Maltose and eventually starch

39
Q

What molecule doe beta 1-4 linkage give rise to?

A

Cellobiose and eventually cellulose

40
Q

What shape is starch?

A

Spiral

41
Q

What provides more energy starch or fats?

A

Fats but take longer(better for long term storage)

42
Q

Why do phospholipids assemble into a circular sphere shape?

A

It is most energetically favourable because no more hydrophobic edges are exposed to the water

Biology 112 (24 decks)

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