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Biology 112 > Lecture 13: The Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Lecture 13: The Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What is heredity?

A

-All organisms come from other organisms
-All organisms resemble their parents
-Siblings are not identical

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2
Q

Why do children look like their parents?

A

Sperm and eggs are single cells that fuse together to become a zygote.
-This explains why you get features from both parents

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3
Q

How are organism made from one diploid cell?

A

Diploid cells divide many times to produce an organism(organisms are multicellular)

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4
Q

True or False: Every cell in your body derives from one single cell?

A

TRUE

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5
Q

What do daughter cells need to inherit from mother cells?

A

Daughter cells must inherit everything from the mother cells that they need to be successful

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6
Q

What is one very important thing that all daughter cells need?

A

Mitochondria

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7
Q

Cells contain multiple mitochondria, if a daughter cell only get one mitochondria from the mother cell how can it eventually get more?

A

Mitochondria can also divide

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8
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

-A package made up of one single double stranded DNA molecule

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9
Q

What are the two types of chromosomes?

A

Circular chromosome: Found in bacteria which have circular DNA
Linear Chromosome: Found in eukaryotes

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10
Q

Why are we able to see chromosomes under a microscope?

A

-When a cell is getting ready to divide the chromosomes condense by associating with proteins such as the histone protein
-That is what can be seen

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11
Q

What are the proteins that help chromosomes condense before dividing ?

A

Histones

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12
Q

So what is seen under a microscope when chromosomes are condensed?

A

DNA wrapped up in a tight knot around the histone proteins

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13
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A way of organizing and identifying chromosomes

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14
Q

How to make a karyotype(DIY!)?

A

1.Take a cell in its process of dividing and put a cover slip on top of it and flatten it(mitotic squash)
2.This causes the cell to break open and the chromosomes spread out everywhere
3.The chromosomes are then stained and a photo of them is taken
4. Then line the chromosomes up into a pattern that you see

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15
Q

What does the karyotype reveal about chromosomes?

A

They come in pairs

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16
Q

What are pairs of chromosomes called?

A

Homologs

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17
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

23 pairs chromosomes(homologs), 46 individual chromosomes

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18
Q

What two chromosomes don’t appear to have pairs?

A

X and Y

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19
Q

True or False: The number of chromosomes depends on the organism/species?

A

TRUE

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20
Q

What happens to chromosomes right before division?

A

Each chromosome is replicated to produce two chromatids attached by a centromere

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21
Q

What is found in each chromatid?

A

Each chromatid has one double-stranded piece of DNA

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22
Q

After chromatids are formed, how many strands of DNA are found in each pair of homologous chromosomes?

A

4 strands of double stranded DNA
1 per chromatid, 4 chromatids

23
Q

What is a mitotic chromosome?

A

Chromatids two identical pieces of DNA bound by a centromere
-It is called this because it is about to undergo division and must have two strands of DNA

24
Q

What is a sister chromatid?

A

-Identical chromatids with duplicated genetic material
-There are two sister chromatids in a mitotic chromosome

25
Q

How many chromosomes do daughter cells need?

A

Each daughter cell NEEDS one of each chromosome because they carry essential genetic material

26
Q

Can daughters receive more than one of each chromosome?

A

No they cannot as this can cause problems such as Down syndrome

27
Q

What extra chromosome causes down syndrome?

A

people with down syndrome have an extra chromosome 21

28
Q

How do cells ensure that daughter cells receive only one of each chromosome and no more?

A

Make sure the chromosome is duplicated once before the cell divides

29
Q

What is the first stage of cell division?

A

S phase - Chromosome DNA replication

30
Q

What is the second stage of cell division?

A

Mitosis or Meiosis

31
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Somatic cells make identical clones of themselves by creating daughter cells that inherit one chromosome

32
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Process by which germ cells(reproductive cells) make non-identical copies of themselves by creating daughter cells that have one of each homolog

33
Q

What is the third stage of cell division?

A

Cytokinesis: dividing the cytoplasm in two(optional)

34
Q

What are the four stages of the cell cycle?

A
  1. Gap phase
  2. DNA Synthesis
  3. Gap 2
  4. Mitosis
35
Q

What happens during the gap phase of the cell cycle?

A

-Cell grows
-Builds up mitochondria and ribosomes so that it can later give them to its daughter cells

36
Q

What happens during DNA Synthesis of the cell cycle?

A

Creation of one and only one copy of the DNA

37
Q

What happens during the gap 2 phase of the cell cycle?

A

Verification that DNA is properly ready and cell is ready for division

38
Q

What happens during the mitosis stage of the cell cycle?

A

Chromosomes divide and cell splits in two daughter cells

39
Q

How does the cell regulate the cell cycle?

A

-Cell has checkpoints to make sure the cell is ready to enter the next phase

40
Q

What proof is there to prove that these checkpoints exist?

A

First, scientists added drugs into the chromosomes to ensure that the cell could not efficiently replicate the DNA. What they saw was that the cell stopped before it could undergo cell division
Then, scientist disabled the check point by adding caffeine then added the drug to stop replication and what they saw was the cell continued to undergo cell division

41
Q

What are the check points?

A

The check points are proteins that make sure everything is ready to move to the next phase
-CDK and Cyclins

42
Q

What proteins are important for the transition from G1 to S phase?

A

-Cyclin A
-CDK2

43
Q

True or False: Little effort is used by cells to make sure each daughter cell inherits equally

A

True and False, simply making sure the
division occurs roughly in the middle of the cell seems to do the trick. However, cells do spend a lot of time dividing up their chromosomes

44
Q

Why are karyotypes made with dividing chromosomes?

A

Only during division chromosomes are visible

45
Q

What is the karyotype made of?

A

Mitotic Chromosomes

46
Q

What is chromatin?

A

The combination of DNA and proteins before cell division

47
Q

What is the order of the cell cycle?

A
  1. G1
  2. S
  3. G2
  4. M
    Cytokinesis is not included as it it optional
48
Q

What does interphase refer to ?

A

All stages of the cell cycle except for M phase

49
Q

True or False: Most cells in your body have not divided in a long time?

A

True

50
Q

In what phase do most cells stop cycling?

A

G1

51
Q

What does the S to G2 checkpoint look for?

A

Internal signals that tell the cell that all of the DNA has been replicated

52
Q

What does the G1 to S checkpoint look for?

A

External chemical signals from other cells

53
Q

What is the basis of cancer? I

A

If something goes wrong with the checkpoint controls that regulate cell division, cells divide continuously and at the wrong time, this can cause cancer

Biology 112 (24 decks)

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