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Biology 112 > Lecture 10: Redox Reactions and Glycolysis > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Redox Reactions and Glycolysis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is end product inhibition?

A

When the end product of a metabolic pathway is the allosteric inhibitor, that binds to and inhibits the first enzyme of the metabolic pathway.

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2
Q

What is competitive inhibition?

A

-When a molecule that looks similar to a substrate binds to the active site and blocks the binding of the substrate that is meant to bind to the active site.

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3
Q

What does competitive inhibition do?

A
  • Inhibits the catalysis of the substrate
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4
Q

When does competitive inhibition occur?

A

When you take DRUGS

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5
Q

What is allosteric regulation?

A

-When a regulatory molecule binds to an enzyme on a spot other than the active site and induces a conformational change to the enzyme preventing it from catalyzing reactions further

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6
Q

Why is allosteric regulation more effective than competitive inhibition?

A

-If you have an enzyme with allosteric inhibition you only need one inhibitor per enzyme. Also molecules can be a variety of shapes and do not need to replicate the shape of the substrate.
- With competitive inhibition you need the same number of competitive inhibitors as there are enzymes in order for it to stop catalyzing

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7
Q

Why is feedback inhibition good?

A

-Prevents the waste and over production of products
-Allows cells to control the amount of a specific compound

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8
Q

Why is it beneficial to regulate the first enzyme of the metabolic path?

A

The first enzyme is the one that is regulated to avoid a waste of resources or producing any unnecessary intermediates, also avoids waste of energy and resources

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9
Q

What is cooperativity with enzymes?

A

-Occurs with two or more identical enzyme subunits forming an enzyme complex

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10
Q

How does cooperativity with enzymes occur?

A

-When an inhibitor binds to the first enzyme and changes the first enzyme’s conformation this conformational change influences the other subunits of the enzyme to undergo a partial conformation change making the inhibitor of the other enzymes more easily able to bind .
-This helps rapidly shut down the enzyme

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11
Q

What type of curve does the cooperativity of enzymes produce?

A

A sigmoid curve

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12
Q

Why are the first enzymes in metabolic pathways usually made up of multiple subunits?

A

First enzymes are usually multiple subunits and regulated by cooperative allostery because when there are more subunits the enzyme is able to be inhibited more rapidly

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13
Q

What is the equation for the metabolism of glucose?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —– 6CO2 + 6H2O + Free Energy

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14
Q

Why is glycolysis split into multiple steps?

A

-In order to harvest some of the energy in the form of ATP
-If it was done in one step the energy would all be released as heat

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15
Q

How much energy is harvested into ATP during glycolysis and how much is released as heat?

A

-About half of the energy that is released during the oxidation of glucose is converted into ATP
-The other half is still released as heat

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16
Q

What is the heat released from glycolysis used for?

A

-To help drive each step of glycolysis

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17
Q

What is the most important reaction in glycolysis?

A

Redox reaction

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18
Q

What is reduction?

A

molecules gains an electron or hydrogen molecule

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19
Q

What is oxidation ?

A

molecule loses an electron or hydrogen molecule

20
Q

How to recognize oxidation reactions?

A

-Oxidation occurs whenever a C-H bond is lost

21
Q

what molecules are often oxidized? and why?

A

-Fats
- Oils
-Fossil Fuels
Because they are made up of many C-H bonds and have lots of energy

22
Q

What molecule is fully oxidized?

A

Carbon dioxide

23
Q

What is NAD and its function?

A
  • An essential electron carrier in cellular redox reactions
  • Stores and Carries electrons
24
Q

What is the oxidized and reduced version of NAD?

A

Oxidized: NAD+
Reduced: NADH

25
Q

Why are energy carrier used?

A

Allows the process of glycolysis to be broken down into multiple steps and for energy to be released more gradually so that it is more easily harnessed.

26
Q

How is NADH oxidized after glycolysis?

A

With O2 as an electron acceptor

27
Q

What is redox potential?

A

The tendency of a molecule to lose/gain electrons

28
Q

What do redox potential tables show?

A

-Where electrons will flow to

29
Q

What does higher on the redox table mean?

A

Higher on the table means that the electron will flow to that molecule
-Oxygen is highest on the table which is why electrons flow from sugar to oxygen

30
Q

What is the first step of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis

31
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

32
Q

What are the two phases of glycolysis and what steps do they include?

A

Phase 1(Steps 1-5): Energy investment phase
Phase 2(Steps 6-10): Energy payoff phase

33
Q

What is the final molecule of the energy investment phase?

A

G3P

34
Q

How is ATP created during glycolysis?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

35
Q

How many ATP molecules are invested in glycolysis and how many are made and net total?

A

Invested: Two ATPs
Created: Four ATPs
Net Total: Two ATPs

36
Q

What is the end product of glycolysis?

A

Two pyruvate molecules

37
Q

What are all of the products of glycolysis?

A

-2 Pyruvate
-2 NADH
-2 ATP

38
Q

What is the key step of glycolysis?

A

-The reduction of NAD+ to NADH

39
Q

Steps 2-3 and 4-5 have a positive delta G but no ATP is invested, how do they occur?

A

-For sequential reactions the delta G values are additive
-FBP to G3P step 4-5 is very unfavorable but since step 5-6 that directly follows G3P to BPG is very favorable and takes away all of the G3P molecules(lowers concentration). It reduces the concentration so much so that the step 4-5 actually becomes favorable.
-Metabolic reactions are generally pulled by one reaction that is favorable and pulls all of the other reactions along because it takes away the products of the previous reaction

40
Q

How much energy total(heat and captured) is released from the complete oxidation of glucose?

A

-686 kcal/mol

41
Q

What happens to C-H and C-O bonds during oxidation?

A

C-H bonds: decrease
C-O bonds: increase

42
Q

What is used to generate the phosphate bond in ATP?

A

Hydrolysis of the “higher-energy phosphate bonds” is used to generate the phosphate bond in ATP

43
Q

Why is it called substrate level phosphorylation?

A

Because the phosphate is
transferred from the substrate directly to ADP

44
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Where free phosphate is combined with ADP by the ATP synthase enzyme

45
Q

What does pyruvate become?

A

Acetyl CoA

46
Q

Why is acetyl CoA considered an energy carrier?

A

It contains a C-S bond which is a “high energy bond”

47
Q

Why is acetyl-coA such an important molecule?

A

Sugars, fats and man amino acids are all broken down into acetyl-coA
-Acetyl-coA is the building block for making fats and other metabolites

Biology 112 (24 decks)

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