Lecture 6 & 7 - Vertebral Column & Thorax Flashcards
what is the hyoid
- > it is the only bone that does not articulate
- > held up by stylohyoid ligaments
- > attaches to multiple elements via muscle and ligaments
- cranium, mandible, tongue, larynx, pharynx, sternum, shoulder girdle
general characteristics of vertebrae
- > 33 elements (24 moveable)
- > cartilaginous and synovial joints
- > 4 facets that connect each vert (2 sup and 2 inf)
- > verts get larger as we go down
different characteristics of the different types of verts
cervical (7)
- > most felxible
- > large disks, large foramen, smallest bodies
Thoracic (12)
- > protection/least flexible
- > small disks, axial twisting (most responsible for twisting)
Lumbar (5)
- > weight bearing/ flexible
- > large discs
- > axial bending (forward and side to side)
characteristics of intervertebral discs
- > IVD make up around 1/5th of your height
- > discs are thickest in lumbar, then cervical verts
- > they are made up of 2 main parts
- annulus fibrosus: concentric rings of fibrocartilage
- nucleus pulposus: fibrous capsule that joins adjacent verts, main chock absorber
which structures do all verts have in common
- > transverse process
- > spinous process
- > vertebral body
- > vertebral foramen
- > lamina
- > superior/inferior articular facet
- > pedicle
characteristics of cervical verts
- > smaller bodies
- > triangular shaped vertebral foramen
- > superior articular facets: posterosuperior
- > inferior articular facets: anteroinferior
- > horizontal/flat spinous process
- > bifurcation of spinous process can occur
Cervical 1
ATLAS
- > no vertebral body or spinous process
- > superior articular facets are concave (fit occipital condyles)
- > inferior artcular facets are mostly flat
- > no discs superior or inferior
Cervical 2
AXIS
- > has odontoid process (dens)
- > lacks a proper body
- > superior articular facet is convex
- > inferior articular facets are normal (like C3-7)
- > there is an inferior IVD, no superior
C1 and C2 movements
Head Up/Down
- > C1 and occipital condyle
Left/Right
- > C1 and C2
characteristics of thoracic verts
- > heart shaped bodies
- > superor articular facets: pointposterior
- > inferior articular facets: anterior
- > articulations for the ribs
- > narrow, diagonal spinous processes
- > has costal demifacets and transverse costal facets
how can we distinguish the thoracic verts
T1: one costal demifacent and one costal facets (body)
T2-T9: sup and inf costal demi facet
T10-T12: one costa facet
T1-T10 have transverse costal facets
what attaches to the costal facets/demifacets vs transverse costal facets
Costal facets/demi facets articulate with the rib heads and transverse costal facets connect to rib tubercles
- > transverse costal will always be facets, no demi facets
characteristics of lumbar verts
- > larger bodies, most robust
- > no facets for rib articulation
- > supereior articular facets are concave and posteriomedial
- > inferior articular facets are covex and anterolateral
- > blunt, horizontal spinous processes
what makes up the sternumn
- > manubrium
- > corpus sterni/body
- > xiphoid process
anatomical structures of the sternumn
manubrium
- > jugular notch
- > clavicular notch
- > 1st costal notch
- > 2nd costal notch is in the middle of body and manubrium
Body
- > 2nd - 7th costal notches
Xiphoid Process
