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CAPS391 Winter 2024 Review > Lecture 6/7 Joints > Flashcards

Lecture 6/7 Joints Flashcards

1
Q

How to classify joints in terms of fxn/physiology

A

based on their freedom of movement
1. Synarthrosis: very little (if any) movements
2. Amphyarthrosis: semi movable
3. Diarthrosis: freely movable

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2
Q

example of synarthrosis

A

skull

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3
Q

example of amphyarthrosis

A

i.e. btw left and right pubic bone “pubic synthesis. That joint is not normally movable, but in females during pregnancy, under effect of hormones, it becomes movable

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4
Q

example of diarthrosis joints

A

shoulder, knee, ankle, etc.

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5
Q

how to classify joints structually

A
  1. solid–no space in btw bones. Bones are attached, usually by connective tissue- type of connective tissue
    a) fibrous (suture, syndesmosis gomphosis)[DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE]
    b)cartilaginous (synchondrosis, symphysis)
  2. synovial-space btw bones (joint cavity)
    a)monaxial
    b)biaxial
    C)multiaxial
    d)nonaxial
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6
Q

suture

A

type of fibrous joint in which bones are attached together by a little bit of dense connective tissue

[solid joint]

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7
Q

syndesmosis

A

bones connected by dense connective tissue. mostly in form of a membrane

solid, fibrous joint

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8
Q

gomphosis

A

= fibrous joint (solid)
- bones attached together by ligaments

name of this ligament in image: periodontal ligament

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9
Q

Synchondrosis

A

cartilaginous joint

bones attached together by Hyaline cartilage
i.e. costal cartilage

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10
Q

symphysis

A

cartilaginous joint
bones held together by fibro cartilage

ie pubic cartilage, also all joints btw vertebral bodies

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11
Q

what is monoaxial joint, what are types

A

moves in one plane
hinge & pivot

synovial

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12
Q

what is biaxial joint, what are types

A

moves in 2 anatomical planes
saddle and condyloid

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13
Q

what is multiaxial joint, what are types

A

joints that move in all 3 planes
ex: ball and socket

synovial

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14
Q

what is nonaxial? ex?

A

small synovial joints in which bones can glide against each other but cannot define gliding in any standard anatomical plane
ex: plane

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15
Q

how many types of cartilage are there

A

3

hyaline
fibro
elastic

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16
Q
A

ligament
dense regular connective tissue

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17
Q
A

articular hyaline cartilage

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18
Q
A

synovial membrane
produces synovial fluid, lubricates surface, prevents friction

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19
Q
A

firbous capsul, made of dense connective tissue

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20
Q
A

periosteum
continous with ligament

purpose: carries stem cells
allows bone to grow in width, not length

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21
Q

what part of bone allows to grow in length

A

epiphyseal growth plate (lose at 20)

periosteum- grow in width. have for life

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22
Q
A

joint cavity
differentiatves btw synovial and solid

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23
Q

what part of joint destroys first in osteoarthritis

A

articular cartilage
- arthritis targets cartilage which has a poor blood supply, and is deprived of any sensory innervation. so as you lose it, you don’t feel any pain. pain starts once you have lost hyaline cartilage and the bones touch.

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24
Q

what is main target of rheumatoid arthritis

A

synovial membrane
when its targeted, it overproduces synovial fluid = swelling

overtime, the synovial fluid (which contains lot of protein), the content significantly increases, so in late stages, you get synovial gel which fails to lubricate articular surfaces properly. destroys cartilage

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25
Q
A

plane joint
= nonaxial joint

inter-tarsal joint

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26
Q
A

hinge joint
- elbow (also ankle)
= monoaxial (1 degree of freedom)

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27
Q
A

pivot joint
proximal radio-ulnar joint)- for supination, pronation

= monoaxial

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28
Q
A

condyloid joint
radiocarpal

=multi/bi

one convex, one concave articular surface. oval in shape

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29
Q
A

saddle joint. biaxial (i.e. carpometacarpal joint)

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30
Q
A

ball and socket joint (i.e. hip, shoulder)

multiaxial

articular surfaces are round/spherical

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31
Q

how many joints are formed btw two adjacent vertebrae

A

3

1)synthesis btw vertebral bodies
2/3)planar (synovial) joint btw inferior articular process & superior articular process (zygaphophyseal joints)

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32
Q

supraspinous ligament

A

connects tips of spinous processes

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33
Q

interspinous ligament

A

runs btw adjacent spinous processes

34
Q

anterior lngitudinal ligament

A

runs in front of spinal bodies

35
Q

posterior longitudibal ligament

A

runs behind spinal bodies

36
Q

flaval ligament

A

runs btw adjacent laminae

37
Q

Intervertebral disc

A

synthesis joint. fibro cartilage
2 compartments

Central part (nucleus pulposus)- thick consistency. Surrounded by layers of collagen bundles, which are named as annulus fibrosus. Main chemical content is hyaluronic acid which absorbds water. nucleus swells, acts as shock absorber. compressive forces can flatten nucleus purlposus. BELTS of collagen fibers prevent this from happening

Annulus fibrosus- collagen bundles. protects nucleus pulposus

38
Q

disc hernia

A

nucleus pulposus is compressed, starts tearing layers of annulus fibrousus. Not painful, inside of disc is not sensitized BUT last layers are highly innervated. losing last layers of anulus fibrosus allows nucleus pulposus to completely flatten. vertebrae come close together, disc collapses = disc degeneration

bones can pinch spinal nerves, shooting pain

39
Q

what type of joint is TMJ

A

synovial modified hinge joint
- moves in sagital plane BUT can also move side to side, back and forth

40
Q

what does the condylar process of mandible articulate with?

A

temporal bone

41
Q

what is this

A

mandibular fossa of temporal bone
part of temporal bone that receives mandible

42
Q
A

fibrous capsule

43
Q
A

articular disc- sits btw articular surfacesm
made of fibrocartilage

44
Q
A

condylar process of mandible

45
Q

what is TMJ articular surfaces covered with?

A

Fibral cartilage (only synovial joint NOT covered in hyaline). ideal for dealing with compressive forces

46
Q

how to open jaw

A

have to unlock it, pull forward slightly (protraction of mandible)

47
Q

glenohumeral joint- what type?

A

shulder joint
formd btw glenoid cavity and head of humerus

synovial ball and socket joint

48
Q
A

long head of biceps brachii

49
Q
A

subacromial bursa
-made of synovial membrane. produces synovial fluid. minimizes frctio nbtw tendon muscle and joint

50
Q
A

top: coracohumeral ligament (extrinsic)
-stretch btw coracoid process of scapula and proximal end humerus

bottom: glenohumeral ligaments (intrinsic)
-reinforce fibrous capsule. thickening of capsule

51
Q
A

left= subacromial bursa
top right= coracohumeral ligament
bottom righ = glenohumeral ligaments

52
Q
A

glenoid cavity
articular surface of scapula
bordered by glenoid labrum

53
Q
A

glenoid labrum
borders glenoid cavity
raises margin of cavity to increase depth, provide better thickness btw head of humerus and cavity. adds stability. made of fibrocartilage

54
Q

what type of cartilage doesnt have perichondrium

A

fibrocartilage. no stem cells, not repairable

55
Q
A

articular capsule
thicker in some areas (intrinsic ligaments,, i.e. glenohumeral)

56
Q
A

left= subacromial bursa
right=labrum

57
Q
A

left=articular cartilages (hyaline)
right=scapula

58
Q
A

left=synovial membrane
right=joint cavity

59
Q
A

left= long head of biceps brachii. enters joint
top right=glenoid labrum
bottom=articular capsule

60
Q

how many joints in elbow joint capsule

A

3

61
Q

what ligaments are in elbow joint complex

A

ulnar collateral: reinforces capsule of elbow

annular ligament: wraps around head of radius, easily dislocated

radial collateral ligament (seen in lateral view): reinforces fibrous capsule

62
Q

olecranon bursa

A

separates skin from olecranon process

63
Q

two components of carpal joint

A

radiocarpal: btw distal end of radius and proximal carpal bones

midcarpal: btw proximal and distal carpal bones

64
Q

ligaments of carpal region

A

Palmar radiocarpal- connect radius
Ulnocarpal- connect ulnar
lateral collatoral
medial collateral

65
Q

what type of joint is hip?

A

synovial ball and socket
fibrous capsule reinforced my intrinsic ligaments

66
Q

what ligaments in hip

A

intrinsic:
1.iliofemoral: ileum to femur
2. pubofemoral- pubic and femur
3. ischiofemoral (seen in posterior view)

extrinsic:
4. round ligament (cross section ir sound)

67
Q

round ligament of hip

A

attaches femur to acetabular fossa. EXTRINSIC
- This ligament acts as passage for blood vessel that supplies blood to head of femur
○ Damage = avascular necrosis. This is only risk until age 10. after that, receives blood from elsewhere

68
Q
A

fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
tibial (medial) collateral ligament = right

INTRINSIC LIGAMENTS. provide side to side stability

69
Q

what type of joint is knee

A

modified hinge

70
Q

articular surfaces of knee

A

condyles of femur
condyles of tibia.
btw two are menisci

71
Q
A

left=lateral meniscus
right=mediial meniscus

cushion articular surfaces against compressive forces AND raise edges of tibial dondyle, increase stability

72
Q
A

top=posterior cruciate ligament
bottom=anterior cruciate ligament

provide anteroposterior stability btw femur and tibia

EXTRINSIC ligaments

73
Q
A

left=medial meniscus
right=lateral

74
Q
A

tendon of quad femoris- passes in front of knee. embraces patella

75
Q
A

patellar ligament. continuation of quad tendon. attaches to tibila tuberosity

76
Q

what type of joint is ankle

A

synovial hinge joint. PURE. only moves in saggital

77
Q

ligaments in ankle

A

Medial (deltoid) ligament- three components of this one ligament
- Deltoid indicates shape (triangle)
Very strong

Lateral ligament
- Three components labeled, but there are more components (4)
Prone to sprain

78
Q

what kind of joint is held together by hyaline cartilage

A

synchondrosis

79
Q

what type of joint is 1st carpometacrpal

A

saddle

80
Q

what type of joints are intervertebral

A

cartilaginous, symphysis, semi-movable

81
Q

The nucleus pulposus is surrounded by …., and the ligament that runs between adjacent laminae of the
vertebral bodies that help to preserve upright posture is ….?

A

annulus fibrosus, ligamentum flavum

82
Q

what is the joint with the largest range of motion

A

glenohumeral

ball and socket

CAPS391 Winter 2024 Review (29 decks)

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