Lecture 31: Endocrine System

Question 1

what are the major endocrine gladns

Answer 1

• Pituitary
  
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Pineal
    Adrenal gland

Question 2

endo vs exo crine

Answer 2

Endocrine vs exocrine: endocrine produces hormones, used inside body. No duct, release directly into blood
Exocrine produces enzymes mostly. Have ducts

Question 3

thymus fxn

Answer 3

maturation T cells. produces thymosin

Question 4

Answer 4

1.parathyroid
2.pancreas
3.testes
4.thyroid
5.thymus
6. adrenal
7.ovaries

Question 5

Answer 5

1.thalamus
2.pineal
3.HTh
4.pituitary

Question 6

fxn HTh

Answer 6

regulates endocrine system. coordinates ANS

Question 7

pineal gland fxn and location and blood supply

Answer 7

NOT paired
produces melatonin. changes tone skin, regulates circadian rhtym & sexual behaviour

attaches to posterior wall of third cerebral ventrcile

supply: posterior cerebral artery

Question 8

where is pituitary gland and what is blood supply

Answer 8

below HTh. attached via infundibulum
on bony fossa “hypophyseal fossa”. sella turcica

supplied by arterial circle willis

Question 9

explain two lobes of pituitary

Answer 9

posterior: extention HTh. connected via infundibulum. some neurons from SON and PVN of HTh send axons to join posterior pit. sends hormones (OT, ADH) produced by HTh for storage here.

anterior: real gland. receives secretions from PVN of HTh. releases stimulating hormones or inhibitory

Question 10

what are the two main groups of nuclei in Hth

Answer 10

Supraoptic (SON) right above optic chiasm
Paraventricular (PVN) close to third ventricle

Question 11

explain this image

Answer 11

Ant. pituitary
* Blood carried by superior pituitary artery, forms capillary network. Receives secretions from PVN (RH, IH) carries it to anterior pituitary
* Second capillary network (hypophyseal portal plexus)
* RH and IH exit at this network, target secreting cells of anterior pituitary
* In response, anterior pituitary releases stimulating hormones
○ TSH (targets thyroid), ACTH (target cortex of adrenal gland), HGH, PRL (target mamillary gland), LH(gonads), FSH(gonads), MSH (melanocyte)

Post. Pituitary
* Posterior pituitary is not a gland. Its storage
* Some neurons from SON and a few from PVN send axons directly to join posterior pituitary. These axons travel in infundibulum
* Send hormones (OT, ADH) produced by HTh for storage in posterior pituitary

Question 12

explain targets of pituitary gland

Answer 12

Question 13

explain location thyroid gland and fxn

Answer 13

anterior to trachea, inferior to larynx
two lateral oobes connected by isthmus

in 50% of ppl there is a third pyramidal lobe above isthmus

fxn: metabolic rate of body or blood calcium
T3,T4, calcitonin

Question 14

fxn parathryoid gland (and location)

Answer 14

• 4 mass glandular tissue embedded in posterior surface lateral lobes thyroid gland
  Cooperate with thyroid hormone (calcitonin, will decrease Ca) in blood calcium regulation

Produces PTH: involved in calcium balance
* INCREASES LEVEL of calcium
Regulated by E

Question 15

blood supply parathyroid and thyroid

Answer 15

Both supplied by superior and inferior thyroid arteries branches of external carotid and subclavian arteries

2 arteries: superior thyroid and inferior thyroid artery

Question 16

venous drinage thyroid

Answer 16

3 veins empty thyroid: superior, middle, inferior thyroid veins

Question 17

Answer 17

1.esophagus
2.pharyns
3.thyroid gland
4. parathyroid glands

Question 18

adrenal gland fxn and location

Answer 18

on superior pole of kidneys, surrounded by separate capsul. R is pyramid, L is crescent

cortex fxn: produce hormones regulate minerals, glucose levels, gonads

medulla fxn: part of ANS. chrommafin cells produce NE. So essentially chromaffin cells is a secondary sympathetic neuron

Question 19

blood supply adrenals

Answer 19

abdo aorta and renal arteries