Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clin Path (Owen-Fall 2014) > Lecture 6/7: Anemia and Regeneration > Flashcards

Lecture 6/7: Anemia and Regeneration Flashcards

1
Q

leading antibiotic that causes some sort of immune-mediated anemia

A

cephalexin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what affect can colostrum consumption have on bloodwork?

A

it is protein rich so it can throw off acute protein value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hemoglobinuria and how to dx

A

Hb in urine. Urine appears red but no RBCs in plug. Pigment still in urine after spinning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When you suspect dehydration it must be at least __%

A

5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

10% dehydration char. by:

A

big lag in tented skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

relative erythrocytosis

A

means you have more RBCs than normal but it is not from increased production. RBCs make up a bigger percentage of blood than they should.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

causes of relative erythrocytosis**

A
  • splenic contraction

- dehydration**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

KNOW: dehydration gives you relative erythrocytosis whereas hypoxemia will increase RBC production**

A

:)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

primary erythrocytosis

A

normal or low EPO (i.e. due to polycythemia vera)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

secondary erythrocytosis

A

high EPO (occurs in high altitude, heart dz, inappropriate EPO production, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

causes of selective erythroid aplasia (s.o.)

A

-immune-mediated
-FelV subgroup
-chloramphenicol
-congenital
parvo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

causes of dyserythropoiesis (s.o.)

A

(defective devel. of erythrocytes)
-inherited disorders
-myeloproliferative disorders
-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

causes of nonregenerative anemia (with leukopenia and/or neutropenia)

A
  • hypoplastic (incomplete devel.) or aplastic (unable to form) bone marrow
  • proliferation or infiltration of abnormal cells
  • disease combinations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

transferrin binds

A

Fe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

slide 33

A

:)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does hemorrhage affect TPP?

A

decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Normal HCt, Low TPP:

A

GI protein loss
proteinuria
liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Normal Hct, high TPP:

A

increased globulin synthesis

dehydration masked anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

High Hct, low TPP:

A

protein loss with erythrocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

High Hct, normal TPP:

A

splenic contraction
absolute erythrocytosis
dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

High Hct, high TPP:

A

dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Low Hct, low TPP:

A

hemorrhage, overhydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Low Hct, normal TPP:

A

-increased erythrocyte destruction
decreased erythrocyte prod.
chronic hemorrhage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Low Hct, Hight TPP:

A

anemia of inflamm. dz

multiple myeloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How can you tell if anemia is definitely regenerative?**

A

presence of increased polychromasia in blood film (absolute reticulocytosis is a secondary indicator)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

macrocytic hypochromic =

A

big cells with less Hb. Suggestive of regen. anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

2 main indices to characterize anemia

A

MCV and MCHC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

macrocytic

A

MCV above reference interval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

normocytic

A

MCV within ref. int.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

microcytic

A

MCV w/n ref. int.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

portosystemic shunt can cause what type of anemia?

A

microcytic anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

3 things that cause increased Heinz bodies (esp. in cats)?**

A

lymphoma (inc. ox. met.)
hyperthyroidism
diabetes (altered carb met.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

hyperchromic

A

MCHC above ref. int.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

normochromic

A

MCHC w/n ref. int.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

hypochromic

A

MCHC below ref. int.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

T/F: anemia of inflamm. dz alone typically only causes a mild to moderate anemia

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

possible causes of anemia of inflamm. dz

A
  • chronic inflammation
  • neoplasia
  • mild to mod. nonregen. anemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

anemia of inflamm. dz is usually characterized how?*

A

normocytic normochromic. Sometimes slight microcytosis. Body hides Fe from RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Prussian blue stain

A

stains iron blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Know you need Fe and Cu to make Hb and their deficiency will lead to disorders of heme synthesis**

A

:)

41
Q

decreased MCHC, decreased MCV = **

A

hypochromic microcytic

42
Q

lab findings with chronic Fe def. anemia**

A
  • mild to severe anemia
  • microcytosis
  • normal to decreased MCHC
  • high retics early on, then low
  • poikilocytosis (abnormal shaped cells)
  • thrombocytosis (increased platelets)
43
Q

low reticulocytes indicates

A

non-regen. anemia, or early regenerative anemia

44
Q

increased plasma bilirubin conc. can be seen with

A

intra and extravascular hemolysis

45
Q

dx of anemia based on what factors?

A
  • blood and plasma appearance
  • PP conc.
  • retic count
  • erythrocyte indices
  • erythrocyte morph.
  • Coombs test
  • plasma bilirubin conc.
46
Q

possible causes for anemia (hemodilution)

A
  • expansion of vasc. space
  • overhydration
  • splenic sequestration
  • young animal
47
Q

low EPO –> RBC production

A

decreased

48
Q

colostrum –> RBC concentration

A

decreases (has dilutional effect)

49
Q

How to determine regen. vs. non-regen. in horses?

A

Bone marrow evaluation, MCV, RDW, serial PCV

50
Q

T/F: trust PCV over Hct

A

T

51
Q

Appearance of regen. anemia on blood films

A
  • increased polychromasia***
  • increased anisocytosis (and increased RDW)
  • metarubricytosis
  • Howell-Jolly bodies
  • basophilic stippling (ruminants)
52
Q

If anemia is regenerative, it is due to:**

A

hemorrhage or hemolysis

53
Q

If anemia is non-regenerative, it is due to:**

A

decreased bone marrow production +/- hemorrhage or hemolysis

54
Q

likely cause of thrombocytopenia

A

increased destruction or decreased production. NOT hemorrhage

55
Q

T/F: There is no such thing as hyperchromic**

A

T

56
Q

MCV is highest in what anemia?

A

hemolytic anemia

57
Q

Will be shown picture of Fe def. anemia!

A

RBC with pale center and pink rim

58
Q

What could cause MCV to be low?

A

chronic blood loss

59
Q

stress retics

A

huge polychromatophils. Form in severe cases of hemolytic anemia

60
Q

regen. anemia is char. by ___ MCV and ___MCHC

A

increased MCV, decreased MCHC

61
Q

signs of hemolytic anemia

A
  • icterus
  • red plasma (in intravascular hemolysis)
  • hemoglobinuria (in intravascular hemolysis)
  • agglutination (in IMHA)
  • increased retic count
  • hemoglobinemia
  • PP normal or increased
  • leukocytosis
  • abnormal erythrocyte morphology
62
Q

which is worse: intra or extravascular hemolysis**

A

intravascular

63
Q

How to differentiate intra from extravascular hemolysis?**

A

Intravascular hemolysis will have red plasma (hemoglobinemia) and hemoglobinuria

64
Q

only species we can say are spherocytes**

A

dog

65
Q

extravascular hemolysis

A
  • abnormally rapid RBC death but in a normal location for RBC destruction (liver, spleen, BM)i
  • acute or chronic
  • macrophages remove RBCs in spleen
  • DIC possible
66
Q

intravascular hemolysis

A
  • abnormally rapid RBC destruction in ABNORMAL location (bloodstream)
  • usually acute
  • circulating RBC fragments can cause DIC, shock
67
Q

bilirubin results from

A

Hb from lysed RBCs. First causes bilirubinuria, then bilirubinemia, then icterus

68
Q

What things artifactually increase MCHC?***

A 
intravascular hemolysis
hemoglobinemia 
Heinz bodies
Lipemia
(will be 1 fake stupid answer not on this list)
69
Q

Do bilirubinuria and bilirubinemia differentiate intravascular from extravascular hemolysis?

A

NO. These things can happen in either type

70
Q

hypophosphatemia

A
  • don’t have enough phosphorus to make ATP
  • can occur in re-feeding syndrome
  • results in hemolysis (degradation of cell memb.)
  • immune system not involved*
71
Q

causes of hemolytic anemia

A
  • Immune-mediated erythrocyte destruction
  • erythrocyte parasites
  • other infectious agents
  • chemicals and plants
  • fragmentation
  • hypoosmolality
  • hypophosphatemia
  • hereditary erythrocyte defects
72
Q

causes of immune-mediated erythrocyte destruction

A
  • IMHA
  • neonatal isoerythrolysis
  • lupus erythematosus
  • incompatible blood transfusion
  • drugs
73
Q

IMHA

A
  • common cause of extravascular hemolysis
  • immunoglobulin/complement attaches to RBC and phagocitized by macrophages
  • forms spherocytes
  • tested for with Coombs test
74
Q

erythrocyte parasites

A 
anaplasma
mycoplasma
babesia
cytauxzoon felis
theileria
75
Q

zinc toxicity effects

A
  • hemolysis and spherocytes

- NO microagglutination

76
Q

causes of erythrocyte frag.

A
  • DIC
  • dirofilariasis
  • hemangiosarcoma
  • vasculitis
  • hemolytic uremic syndrome
77
Q

hypoosmolality causes:

A

ghost cell formation (from hypotonic fluid admin.)

78
Q

causes of hypophosphatemia

A
  • dec. erythrocyte ATP conc.
  • postparturient hemoglobinuria
  • ketoacidotic diabetes
  • hepatic lipidosis
  • hyperalimentation (re-feeding syndrome)
79
Q

causes of blood loss anemia

A
  • trauma
  • blood sucking parasites
  • coag. disorders
  • platelet disorders
  • neoplasia
  • GI ulcer
  • inflamm. bowel disorder
80
Q

external vs. internal hemorrhage

A

External: erythtocytes, PP, and Fe LOST. Dec. PCV and TP
Internal: Fe conserved. Some erythrocytes and PP reabsorbed. Slight hyperbilirubinemia may occur. Dec. PCV, Inc. TP

81
Q

causes of acute hemorrhage

A
  • trauma, sx
  • bleeding ulcers
  • bleeding tumors
  • marked decrease in platelets (thrombocytopenia)
  • inherited/acquired coagulopathies
82
Q

Sign of external hemorrhage***

A

decreased PCV and TP

83
Q

lab findings in acute hemorrhage

A
  • usually NOT thrombocytopenia
  • variable Hct
  • PPC variable (decreased PCV and TP occurs approx. 12-24 hrs after blood loss as a result of dilution of interstitial fluid*)
84
Q

3 main fragmentation morphologies**

A

schistocytes
acanthocytes
karatocytes

85
Q

lab findings in chronic hemorrhage**

A
  • usually signs of regen. anemia
  • hypoproteinemia
  • thrombocytosis seen in 50% cases of Fe def. anemia ***
  • frag. morph.
  • microcytic hypochromic anemia
86
Q

Cu def. leads to

A

Fe def.

87
Q

most common cause of Fe deficiency*

A

chronic external blood loss

88
Q

Q: what is something that positively affects the production of RBCs?**

A

Fe, EPO

89
Q

most common source of blood loss**

A

GI tract in adult animals

90
Q

cat with chronic renal failure will have what type anemia**

A

non-regen. normocytic normochromic (can’t make enough EPO)

91
Q

cats that have hyperthyroidism typically have slight ____

A

erythrocytosis, due to inc. metabolism

92
Q

hypothyroidism and addison’s disease both cause

A

slight anemia

93
Q

1 type of non-regen. anemia**

A

anemia of chronic inflamm. disease

94
Q

causes of non-regen. anemia

A
  • chronic renal dz
  • hormone def.
  • anemia of inflamm. disease***
  • cytotoxic damage to marrow
  • infectious agent
  • immune-mediated
  • myelophthisis
95
Q

causes of microcytic anemia

A
  • chronic Fe def.
  • anemia of inflamm. disease (usually normocytic/normochromic!)***
  • Cu and pyridoxine def.
96
Q

tx for cat with renal disease**

A

(doesn’t have enough EPO)
feed low protein diet so kidney doesn’t have to deal with protein breakdown products such as urea, N. Give fluids to carry waste away

97
Q

Effects of chronic renal disease

A
  • decreased EPO prod.
  • suppression of erythropoiesis
  • decreased RBC lifespan
  • hemorrhage
98
Q

endocrine disorders (hypothyroidism/hypoadrenocorticism) cause:**

A

mild normocytic normochromic non-regenerative anemia due to generalized decrease in metabolism.

99
Q

Non-regen. anemia is/is not usually assoc. with poikilocytosis

A

is not

Clin Path (Owen-Fall 2014) (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions