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Clin Path (Owen-Fall 2014) > Lecture 1: Intro & Lab Procedures (Owen) > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Intro & Lab Procedures (Owen) Flashcards

1
Q

reference intervals for testing are based on:

A

values incorporating the median 95% of a tested population. Therefore, 2.5% of the healthy population will have values beyond this and will be deemed “abnormal”

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2
Q

chance of abnormal test result for 1 analyte

A

5%

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3
Q

Factors that affect reference intervals

A
  • species, age, sex
  • time post prandial
  • time of day
  • emotional state
  • pregnancy
  • diet, region, time of year
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4
Q

most common type of lab error

A

pre-analytical (improper handling/transfer/storage, wrong anticoagulant, traumatic blood draw)

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5
Q

Which animal has the most active platelets?

A

cat

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6
Q

What changes occur with old blood samples?

A

cell lysis erythrocyte welling platelet activation

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7
Q

What changes occur with platelet/leukocyte/erythrocyte clumps?

A

platelet clumps counted as leukocytes

MPV increased

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8
Q

What changes in test report if blood clots?

A

all cell types decrease

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9
Q

Increased bilirubin will cause many false positives

A

:)

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10
Q

Marked hemolysis in horses and cattle can result in false elevation of what blood level?

A

K concentration, because their RBCs contain high K

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11
Q

Rouleaux

A

means “stacking of coins”; due to non-specific binding of RBCs due to a high protein content (i.e. fibrinogen) in the blood. Has stacked appearance.

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12
Q

Agglutination

A

clumping of RBCs due to specific binding of RBCs by Abs with IMHA. Has clumped appearance like clusters of grapes

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13
Q

Saline test**

A

how to differentiate between Rouleaux and Agglutination. Add 10:1 saline to blood sample - if clumps disperse it is rouleaux. If they do not, it is agglutination

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14
Q

effect of lipemia on blood levels

A

can dilute out normal substances like electrolytes in the aqueous component of the serum resulting in falsely decreased conc. (ion exclusive effect)

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15
Q

post-analytical error due to:

A

errors in data transcription and reporting

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16
Q

buffy coat of microhematocrit tube contains:

A

leukocytes, platelets

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17
Q

fibrinogen increases with what common process?

A

inflammation

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18
Q

Is fibrinogen present in serum? in plasma?

A

Yes in plasma, no in serum because it is used up in clotting process

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19
Q

fx of fibrinogen

A

scaffolding for inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells when deposited in tissues. Precursor to fibrin in coagulation. Allows platelets to bind together.

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20
Q

fx of plasma proteins

A
  • transport of nutrients, hormones, waste, drugs
  • colloid osmotic effects
  • acid-base
  • immunity
  • hemostasis
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21
Q

Where are plasma proteins synthesized?

A

liver

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22
Q

composition of plasma

A

92% water, 8% solids (nutrients, proteins, hormones enzymes, electrolytes)

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23
Q

fx of plasma

A
  • transport nutrients
  • transport by-products and waste
  • transport cells
  • maintain homeostasis
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24
Q

Which platelets get “used up” and are not in serum like they are in plasma?

A

1,2 (thrombin),5,8

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25
Q

3 methods of blood cell counting

A

manual, semiautomated, automated

26
Q

refractometer measures:

A

total protein concentration

27
Q

peripheral blood film measures:

A

RBC density

28
Q

Automated hematology analyzer measures:

A
  • RBC count
  • Hb conc.
  • Hct
  • MCV
  • red cell distribution width
  • mean cell Hb conc. (MCHC)
29
Q

PCV and plasma proteins conc. are higher/lower in juveniles

A

T

30
Q

Normal PCV for dogs (DNK)

A

37-54

31
Q

Normal TP for dogs (DNK)

A

6-7.8

32
Q

Normal PCV for cats (DNK)

A

30-47

33
Q

Normal PCV for equine (DNK)

A

32-47

34
Q

Which 2 measurements reflect the quantity of RBCs in blood?

A

RBC count, Hgb conc.

35
Q

mean cell volume (MCV)

A

the average size of the RBCs

36
Q

Fe deficiency anemia lowers/raises MCV

A

lowers

37
Q

Which domestic species has the largest MCV?

A

dogs

38
Q

Which domestic species has the smallest MCV?

A

goats

39
Q

red cell distribution width (RDW)

A

describes how much VARIATION there is in RBC size. When the RBC MCV is more variable than normal, the RDW is increased)

40
Q

DIC stands for

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation

41
Q

reticulocytes have more/less Hb and more/less RNA than normal mature RBCs?

A

less Hb, more RNA

42
Q

Mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

A

ratio of the Hb to the number of RBCs in g/dL

43
Q

Which anemias result in low MCHC?*

A
  • anemia with a marked response by the marrow to regenerate new RBCs
  • severe Fe deficiency anemia
44
Q

Increased MCHC**

A

Hyperchromic anemia. always an artifact!! (i.e. hemolysis, lipemia, Heinz bodies, extreme WBC elevation)

45
Q

Heinz bodies cause what change in Hb and MCHC values?

A

Hb and MCHC increased. Sometimes total leukocyte counts are increased

46
Q

Lipemia results under what conditions?

A
  • postprandial
  • diabetes mellitus
  • pancreatitis
  • hypothyroidism
  • hereditary
  • obesity
47
Q

Lipemia causes what change in Hb and MCHC values?

A

Hb and MCHC increased

48
Q

nucleated erythrocytes causes what report error?

A

they can be counted as leukocytes so can artificially increase your WBC count

49
Q

Under what conditions are nucleated erythrocytes created?

A

-regenerative anemia
-lead toxicity
-marrow injury or disease
-inflammatory diseases
(usually are metarubricytes and rubricytes)

50
Q

T/F: automated analyzers can’t discriminate between nucleated RBC or WBC

A

T (machine counts nuclei, not cells)

51
Q

Formula for corrected total leukocyte count**

A

corrected WBC count = (measured WBC count x 100)/(100+ nRBC), where nRBC is the number of nRBCs/100 WBCs

52
Q

T/F: NEVER trust an automated platelet count in cats**

A

T. Test question will have something about a cat having no platelets. Answer is that you should do a blood smear to look at platelets because you can never trust an automatic analyzer for platelets in cats!

53
Q

NMB stains for:

A

reticulocytes

54
Q

Romanowsky-type stains

A
  • Wright stain
  • Wright-Giemsa stain
  • Diff-Quick Stain
55
Q

Water artifact

A

causes moth-eaten appearance inthe cells resulting from water in the fixative. Can result in misdiagnosis of parasites

56
Q

What can happen to neutrophils and RBCs stored in purple top?

A

neutrophils take on water, RBCs shrink due to K in purple top

57
Q

Rule of thumb for where you should pick to count on a blood smear

A

about 50% of the RBCs should be touching

58
Q

Why DON’T you want to count on the feathered edge?

A

neutrophils and leukocytes (heavier things) will get pushed out and will inflate your counts. Also, RBCs get flattened and lack central palor and mimic spherocytes. Leukocytes appear larger than they should

59
Q

where DO you want to count?

A

In the “counting area” located about 1 10x field behind the feathered edge. Should be a monolayer with uniformly distributed WBCs

60
Q

Why is it important to look at the feathered edge no matter what?

A

Examine at low power to detect platelet clumps and microfilaria

Clin Path (Owen-Fall 2014) (6 decks)

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