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Clin Path (Owen-Fall 2014) > Lecture 4: Evaluation of Erythrocytes: Infectious Agents and Retics > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Evaluation of Erythrocytes: Infectious Agents and Retics Flashcards

1
Q

What are Howell-Jolly bodies?

A

residual micronuclei in RBCs. Spleen did not kick out all of the nuclei like it should

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2
Q

Under what conditions will you see Howell-Jolly bodies?

A
  • regen. anemia
  • splenectomy
  • glucocorticoids (immune suppression)
  • chemotherapy
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3
Q

What do HEINZ BODIES look like on Wright-Giemsa, NMB stain?

A
  • clear/pink on Wright-Giemsa

- light blue on NMB

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4
Q

What do HOWELL-JOLLY bodies look like on Wright-Giemsa, NMB stain?

A
  • blue on Wright-Giemsa
  • dark blue on NMB
  • usually bigger/more prominent than Heinz bodies*
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5
Q

Heinz bodies and Howell-Jolly bodies can be normal in small numbers in what animal?

A

cat

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6
Q

Under what conditions will Heinz bodies form?

A
  • splenectomy
  • onion and garlic
  • propylene glycol in soft-moist food
  • zinc toxicity
  • acetaminophen
  • moth balls
  • propofol
  • skunk musk
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7
Q

What three disease processes in cats increase Heinz body formation?***

A

diabetes, lymphoma hyperthyroidism

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8
Q

T/F: only in severe cases will Heinz bodies create anemia

A

T

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9
Q

T/F: RBCs with Heinz bodies have a shorter half-life than normal RBCs

A

T

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10
Q

T/F: for an anemia to occur from oxidative injury there has to be a serious insult

A

T

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11
Q

Common causes of Heinz body formation in large animal

A
  • onion
  • kale
  • red maple
  • Cu toxicity
  • ryegrass
  • selenium deficiency (will usually result in neuromuscular problems first)
  • phenothiazine in horses
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12
Q

Causes of eccentrocyte formation

A
  • oxidant injury
  • Vit. K
  • propofol
  • red maple
  • IV H2O2
  • enzyme deficiencies
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13
Q

basophilic stippling**

A

diffuse pattern of aggregates of ribosomes and polyribosomes

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14
Q

causes of basophilic stippling***

A

-regen. anemia primarily in ruminants**
-Pb toxicity
(TEST Q: basophilic stippling seen in large animal with very robust regenerative anemia)

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15
Q

basophilic stippling occurs in the presence/absence of polychromasia and anemia in small animal

A

T

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16
Q

siderotic inclusions

A

focal stippling due to iron buildup in RBC. Looks blue on Wright-Giemsa and Prussian Blue

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17
Q

causes of siderotic inclusion

A
  • Pb/Zn tox.
  • chloramphenicol and hydroxyzine therapy
  • hemolytic anemia
  • dyserythropoiesis
  • pyridoxine deficiency
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18
Q

leading cause of hemolytic anemia*

A

infectious agents of erythrocytes

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19
Q

classify Rickesttsial organisms

A

obligate intracellular organisms

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20
Q

Know what babesia looks like**

A

slide 9

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21
Q

Where do granulocytic anaplasma live?

A

within neutrophils

22
Q

Theileria species in US ruminants is usually pathogenic/non-pathogenic

A

non-pathogenic

23
Q

What is Theileria

A

parasite in ruminants. Similar to babesia and causes hemolysis

24
Q

Cytauxzoon felis

A
  • parasite in cats
  • 70% mortality rate
  • causes anemia and thrombocytopenia
  • hemolysis
25
Q

What bacteria causes Y or X shaped chains in the RBCs?

A

Mycoplasma haemocanis

26
Q

Most cats with Mycoplasma haemominutum have what dz>

A

FelV

27
Q

Where do mycoplasmas typically reside?

A

on the outside of RBCs

28
Q

extravascular hemolysis**

A

lysis of RBCs because they contain an infectious agent outside the vasculature (often occurs in the spleen)

29
Q

what is indicative of poor peripheral perfusion?**

A

white gums or extremities (i.e. ear tips). Does NOT necessarily indicate anemia!

30
Q

KNOW: Distemper inclusions look better in what stain compared to Wright-Giemsa?**

A

Diff-quick

31
Q

When does distemper infect cells?

A

when they are in bone marrow. Leaves a viral inclusion as evidence (see slide 14)

32
Q

At what stage in RBC formation do the cells stop dividing?**

A

metarubricyte stage. At this stage they have pyknotic inactive nuclei

33
Q

Is anemia a diagnosis?

A

NO. It is a sign of underlying disease

34
Q

clinical signs of anemia are due to:

A
  • decreased O2 delivery to tissues

- influenced by

35
Q

major clinical sign of intestinal tumor**

A

anemia, NOT GI signs!

36
Q

Why does murmur sound louder with anemia?

A

less blood means RBCs can bounce around more and cause a physiologic murmur

37
Q

clinical signs of anemia

A
  • weakness
  • poor peripheral perfusion
  • CV (tachycardia, poor pulse, systolic murmur)
  • pulmonary (tachypnea, dyspnea)
  • icterus
  • hemoglobinuria
  • hemorrhage, fever
38
Q

see slide 16

A

:)

39
Q

retibulocytes have more ___ and less ___ than normal RBCs

A

more RNA, less Hb

40
Q

see slide 18

A

:)

41
Q

Punctate reticulocytes only seen in which species?

A

cats

42
Q

which species are aggregate retics seen in?

A

all species

43
Q

How to tell difference between aggregate/punctate retics and basophilic stippling.

A

Basophilic stippling appears in Wright’s Giemsa stain. Retics only seen well with NMB or reticulocyte stain.

44
Q

aggregate reticulocytes mature to:

A

punctate reticulocytes, then mature erythrocytes

45
Q

relative retic count

A

the percentage of erythrocytes that are retics (should be less than 1%). However, percentage of WHAT is more important than the percentage itself*

46
Q

Do horses release reticulocytes?**

A

NO

47
Q

How will relative retic count change when regenerative anemia is present?

A

will increase

48
Q

What does the presence of a regenerative response indicate?**

A

anemia was caused by hemorrhage or increased erythrocyte destruction, not be decreased erythrocyte production

49
Q

reticulocytosis

A

increased retics

50
Q

how long does it take for bone marrow to respond to anemia?

A

3-4 days

51
Q

stress reticulocytes

A

slight rapid increase in blood retics. May be occur in response to severe anemia, or premature retic release from marrow

Clin Path (Owen-Fall 2014) (6 decks)

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