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Clin Path (Owen-Fall 2014) > Lecture 3: Evaluation of Erythrocytes: Different Morphologies > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Evaluation of Erythrocytes: Different Morphologies Flashcards

1
Q

erythron

A

all RBC results

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2
Q

leukon

A

all WBC results

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3
Q

thrombon

A

tells you platelet number and size

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4
Q

MCHC =

A

mean cell hematocrit

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5
Q

Large MCV assoc. with

A

early precursors in circulation

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6
Q

small MCV assoc. with

A

Fe deficiency anemia

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7
Q

dog RBC is what shape?

A

discocyte. Have central palor that is 1/3-1/2 of the entire cell

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8
Q

T/F: no other species besides dog has central palor in RBCs reliably

A

T

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9
Q

shape of alpaca RBCs

A

ovalocytes

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10
Q

T/F: Horse platelets don’t stain well

A

T

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11
Q

anisocytosis

A

cells aren’t of equal size (char. of bovine blood)

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12
Q

Out of Hct, Hb, and RBC count, which is most important?

A

Hct

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13
Q

Hct tube determines:

A

PCV. NOT Hct

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14
Q

How is Hct determined?

A

automated cell counters calculate it from MCV and RBC count

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15
Q

What will falsely increase Hb value?

A

Lipemia Heinz bodies Nuclei in non-mammals

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16
Q

What are acanthocytes and what causes them?

A

a form of red blood cell that has a spiked cell membrane, due to messed up lipid membranes (never normal)
-possible causes: improper lipid processing in liver hemangiosarcoma, abnormal Hb levels

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17
Q

possible cause of hypochromasia

A

(low Hb content) dog is loosing blood through GI or somewhere else (i.e. GI ulcer)

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18
Q

explain what’s going on during and basic tx protocol for erythrocyte agglutination

A

RBCs are clumped and have complement/Ab on them and will not fit through capillaries. PCV low. A lot of neutrophils in blood because they love complement and Ab on RBCs.

  • blood transfusion
  • give prednisone
  • oxygen cage
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19
Q

poikilocytosis

A

general term for the presence of abnormally shaped erythrocytes (normal in baby goats as their fetal Hb is transitioning to adult Hb)

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20
Q

pigs have what shape RBC?**

A

echinocyte (EQUAL spicules)

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21
Q

goat RBC shape

A

dacrocyte

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22
Q

deer RBC shape

A

drepanocyte

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23
Q

llama RBC shape

A

elliptocyte

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24
Q

dog blood exposed to high salt solution will form what RBC shape?

A

echinocyte

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25
Q

acanthocytes vs. echinocytes**

A

acanthocytes have unequal spicules, wheras echinocytes have equally sized spicules

26
Q

T/F: snake bites can cause echinocyte formation in dog blood

A

T

27
Q

causes of acanthocyte formation**

A
  • excess cholesterol vs. phospholipids
  • liver disease (liver is where cholesterol is stored and transported)
  • hemangiosarcoma (causes shearing of RBCs), glomerulonephritis, DIC in dogs
  • young goats
28
Q

Know what acanthocytes look like**

A

see slide 13

29
Q

Name 2 common disease processes that can cause acanthocytes**

A
  • liver disease
  • hemangiosarcoma
  • glomerular nephritis (leads to protein loss)
  • DIC
30
Q

what is the capillary bed of the kidney?

A

glomerulus

31
Q

hypertension first affects what organ

A

Kidney

32
Q

main protein that keeps you from going into DIC

A

antithrombin

33
Q

Causes of keratocytes

A
  • Fe deficiency anemia (low Hb –> cells get snagged and fragment)
  • liver disorders
  • doxorubicin toxicity in cats
  • blood storage in cats
34
Q

avg. lifespan of RBCs

A

100 days

35
Q

avg. lifespan of neutrophils

A

10 hours

36
Q

avg. lifespan of platelets

A

10 days

37
Q

furunculosis*

A

when hair follicle ruptures and gets infected

38
Q

what can cause schistocyte formation?

A
  • DIC
  • Severe Fe def.
  • myelofibrosis
  • liver dz
  • heart failure
  • glomerulonephritis
  • hemangiosarcoma
  • hemophagic histiocytic disorders
  • congenital and acquired dyserytheopoiesis
  • PK deficiency
39
Q

T/F: fragmentation occurs SECONDARY to other dz

A

T

40
Q

T/F: when fragmentation occurs anemia is often mild/moderate and subclinical

A

T

41
Q

possible causes of fragmentation

A
  • mechanical injury (DIC caval syndrome, glomerulonephritis cardiac valvular stenosis)
  • endothelial injury (hemangiosarcoma vasculitis splenic or hepatic dz)
  • thermal injury (heat stroke, severe burn)
42
Q

types of fragmentation morphology

A

-keratocytes
-acanthocytes
-schistocytes
(spherocyte-like cells)

43
Q

Are keratocytes seen only with fragmentation?

A

No. oxidative injury can cause them as well. If they are in the company of eccentrocytes or Heinz bodies, it is most likely due to oxidative damage. If there are acanthocytes and schistocytes, most likely due to frag. morph.

44
Q

eccentrocyte

A

an erythrocyte in which the hemoglobin is localized to part of the cell, leaving a portion with little hemoglobin.

45
Q

why does thrombocytopenia usually accompany fragmentation?

A

DIC

46
Q

IMHA =

A

immune mediated hemolytic anemia. Spherocytes have a reduced amt. of membrane as a result of partial phagocytosis because of Ab or complement on surface of RBC (think broccoli and cheese)

47
Q

If spherocytes are seen with fragmentation, do they indicate IMHA?

A

NO

48
Q

What can cause IMHA?

A
  • snake bites/bee stings
  • zinc toxicity
  • erythrocyte parasites
  • transfusion of stored blood
  • dyserythopoiesis
  • RBC band 3 deficiency (band 3 clumps together when RBC gets old to tell macrophage to eat the cell)
  • partial spectrin deficiency
49
Q

poster child for IMHA

A

middle aged female cocker spaniel

50
Q

Elliptocytes are normal/abnormal in camelidae, cats, and dogs?

A

camelidae: normal
cats: CAN be normal but often assoc. with dz
dogs: usually assoc. with dz

51
Q

Under what conditions can drepanocytes form?

A

((sickle cells) Hb polymerization in vitro with increased oxygen tension and pH

52
Q

Under what conditions can dacryocytes form?

A

(tear-shaped RBCs)

  • MPD in dogs/cats
  • glomerulonephritis in dogs
  • hypersplenism in dogs
  • iron deficiency in ruminants
53
Q

T/F: hemoglobin crystals commonly seen in cats and llamas

A

T. Rare in dogs, and seen in horses with defects in metabolic protection against oxidants

54
Q

causes for in vivo hemolysis

A

immune-mediated
oxidant-induced
enzymatic
osmotic

55
Q

Effect of lead toxicity

A

makes outside of bone marrow more permeable and also affects vasculature to release nucleated RBCs prematurely

56
Q

metocytosis

A

there are a lot of nucleated reds but animal is not anemic (can’t explain why bone marrow is releasing the reds)

57
Q

nucleated erythrocytes are usually what cell type

A

metarubricytes and rubricytes

58
Q

Causes of nucleated erythocytes in blood

A

-regenerative anemia
-lead toxicity
-marrow injury/dz
-CV dz, inflammation, trauma hyperadrenocorticism in dogs
-hepatic lipidosis, acute trauma, inflammation in cats
splenic dysfunction
-hereditary dyserythropoiesis

59
Q

marrow diseases assoc. with nonregenerative anemia

A
  • myelodysplasia
  • hematopoietic neoplasms
  • infiltrative disorders
60
Q

When do eccentrocytes form?

A

when there is oxidative damage to Hb (from endogenous or exogenous oxidants)

61
Q

T/F: cats are more likely than dogs to develop eccentrocytes and Heinz bodies

A

T. They have more oxidizable groups on their RBCs than dogs

Clin Path (Owen-Fall 2014) (6 decks)

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