Lecture 6

Question 1

Body Modification

Answer 1

Defined as cosmetics or imitation, adornments, tattoos, scarification, piercing, cutting, etc.

Question 2

Give an example of how body modification has become mainstream:

Answer 2

Previously, it used to be the case that runway models could not have any sort of body modification. However, it is now common.

Question 3

What is an effect of the normalization of body modification?

Answer 3

The old associations fade into the background.

Question 4

What is a critique against tattoos?

Answer 4

Violate core mainstream appearance norms?

Question 5

The idea that tattoos violate core mainstream appearance norms is especially prevalent when:

Answer 5

The person does not conceal, or the tattoo cannot be concealed.

Question 6

Which gender is more concerned about parents objecting to visible tattoos?

Answer 6

Women.

Question 7

Stigma

Answer 7

Any kind of negative attitudes or beliefs that are held about people who are perceived as different.

Question 8

People who have tattoos are stigmatized to:

Answer 8

Have poor decision making skills, easily swayed by peer pressure, had unhappy childhoods, made a mistake while they were drunk, poor, rebellious.

Question 9

What happens to those who are stigmatized?

Answer 9

Those who experience stigmatization experience alienation, isolation.

Question 10

Where do college students choose to get tattoos?

Answer 10

On body parts that are easy to cover.

Question 11

People frown upon ___ with tattoos more than ___ with tattoos.

Answer 11

Women, men.

Question 12

Women who get tattoos are viewed as…

Answer 12

Being gender-role violators.

Question 13

Why do people get tattoos?

Answer 13

• Self-expressions.
• Representations of bonds with friends, family.
• On a dare.
• People with tattoos score higher on need for uniqueness, extraversion, and experience seeking.

Question 14

Tattoos correlate with which negative things?

Answer 14

• Tattoos on females predicted rave attendance.
• Substance abuse.
• On males, correlates with substance abuse and risk-taking behaviours.
• Also associated with lower mental health status.
• Lack of religious affiliation.
• Extended period of incarceration.
• Youth have higher rates of hostility, aggression, and anxiety.
• People’s histories of having emotional, physical, and sexual abuse.
• Histories of abuse and suicidal thoughts.

Question 15

Tattoos correlate with which positive things?

Answer 15

• Higher self-esteem.
• Tattooed youth are more likely to be more sexually active. Began sexual activity earlier.
• Helps people regain control over their bodies after abuse.

Question 16

___ are more likely to get a tattoo than ___.

Answer 16

Women, men.

Question 17

___ are more likely to seek tattoo removal.

Answer 17

Women.

Question 18

Women with 4 or more tattoos are:

Answer 18

More likely to have lower levels of self-esteem, higher levels of depression, and more likely to report a history of suicide attempts.

Question 19

Why are women with 4 or more tattoos more likely to have lower levels of self-esteem, higher levels of depression, and more likely to report a history of suicide attempts?

Answer 19

Women are more likely to seek emotional restoration through tattoos to a greater degree than men.

Question 20

Non-Suicidal Self Injury

Answer 20

The deliberate infliction of damage, pain, or both to one’s own body without being suicidal. Can include scratching, burning, cutting, carving, bone-breaking.

Question 21

True or false? People self harm out of mood or emotional regulation.

Answer 21

True.

Question 22

True or false? Piercing or tattoos may serve as socially acceptable form of self-harming.

Answer 22

True.

Question 23

Emo

Answer 23

Subculture that often engages in self-harming behaviours. Also often get tattoos. Sometimes overlap.

Question 24

What is the social aspect of self-harm?

Answer 24

Those who self-harm say that “everyone is doing it.” Large proportion of today’s self harmers heard about it from outside sources. Most of them know other people who self-harm, discuss self-harming with friends, and self-harm with friends.

Question 25

Is there any evidence that self-harming is an attention-seeking behaviour?

Answer 25

No.

Question 26

Goths

Answer 26

Goths are characterized by black attire and white makeup, black eyeliner and lipstick. Thrives all around the world, but there is a strong subculture in Japan.

Question 27

How is body modification turned into a performance?

Answer 27

Branding.

Question 28

Type of tattoos among Japanese goths:

Answer 28

• Tattoos among goths in Japan is done in an Western style.

- Motifs such as skulls, bats, demonic imagery.

Question 29

What is the centrepiece of Japanese gothic subculture?

Answer 29

Music.

Question 30

Bright Despair

Answer 30

Idea of being mentally sick. Their fashion choices and body modification is intended to be transformative, enjoy the fact that you are sick. Despair almost becomes a purely aesthetic act. Form of emotional regulation, but also view their pain with a sense of irony and amusement.

Question 31

Japanese goth from an outsider’s perspective.

Answer 31

Really morbid overtones, music is bloody and vulgar, and they seem obsessed with death. Goths associated with depression, suicide, and self-harm.

Question 32

The goth subculture is largely playful, and is a performance that allows them to escape the social pressures of ___.

Answer 32

Conformity.

Question 33

Subcultures

Answer 33

Used to refer to transgressive values, styles, and behaviours.

Question 34

How do subcultures have diffuse networks?

Answer 34

People come and go. Little formal leadership, no bureaucratic organizational structures.

Question 35

How do subcultures have a shared identity?

Answer 35

See themselves as being different, and part of being part of an imagined community.

Question 36

How do subcultures have shared distinctive meanings?

Answer 36

Share ideas, practices, and objects.

Question 37

How do subcultures engage in resistance?

Answer 37

Antagonistic towards mainstream culture, even if this is just passive resistance.

Question 38

How do subcultures have a sense of marginalization?

Answer 38

Have an outsider status. Choose their marginalization.

Question 39

How do subcultures use words and phrases?

Answer 39

Allow them to distinguish insiders from outsiders.

Question 40

How do subcultures use style and music?

Answer 40

Subcultures are connected to styles and music. Roots of subculture.

Question 41

How do subcultures act as a social support system?

Answer 41

Serve as a home and refuge. People can feel accepted, kind of like having a chosen family.

Question 42

Neo-Tribe

Answer 42

Diffuse collections of people that gather intermittently, primarily to have a good time and to share some sense of togetherness. Another example would be ravers.

Question 43

Juggalo’s

Answer 43

• A subculture that emerged around the Insane Clown Posse.
• Performed hardcore hip-hop with horror themes lyrical content of music.
• Trademark is scary clown face.
• Neo-Tribe: Diffuse collections of people that gather intermittently, primarily to have a good time and to share some sense of togetherness. Another example would be ravers.
• Have been called as gang by FBI.
• Will take anyone.