Chapter 4

Question 1

What are the 5 different relationships that can exist in the media-deviance nexus?

Answer 1

1. The media causes deviance.
2. The media socially constructs deviance/normality.
3. The media is used as a tool for committing deviant acts.
4. The media is used as a site where the deviance dance is played out.
5. The media is deviantized itself and is subjected to measures of social control.

Question 2

What assumption does administrative research rely on to come to the conclusion that media causes deviance?

Answer 2

The content of the media messages has an effect on individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.

Question 3

Is the effect of media on people the same across the board?

Answer 3

No, different people are impacted by media differently.

Question 4

True or false? Violence in the media has been found to have some impact on aggressive behaviour in the real world in all people.

Answer 4

False, it is only shown in some people.

Question 5

___ research on media studies says that media causes deviance.

Answer 5

Administrative.

Question 6

___ research on media studies says that media constructs deviance and normality.

Answer 6

Critical.

Question 7

Critical research on media studies says that media constructs deviance and normality. This rests on the assumption that…

Answer 7

The media influences the culture as a whole (not individuals) through its power to define boundaries, identify social problems, and shape public debates.

Question 8

How does the media construct deviance and normality?

Answer 8

Media shapes the dominant moral codes that govern what is perceived as acceptable and unacceptable behaviour, characteristics, and people.

Question 9

Cyberdeviance

Answer 9

Deviant acts that are committed using a computer.

Question 10

Give an example of deviance that can only happen in the cyber world:

Answer 10

Creating/spreading viruses and malware or using someone else’s wireless signal.

Question 11

Give an example of deviance that can occur both online and in the real world:

Answer 11

Bullying, watching pornography.

Question 12

Which demographic was most likely to be victimized by cyber deviance?

Answer 12

Those engaged in cyber deviance themselves. Downloading music illegally, using someone else’s wireless signal, accessing computer files without permission, etc.

Question 13

Hackers

Answer 13

People who access computer systems without authorization and sometimes use that access for malicious purposes.

Question 14

What are two ways that hackers use computer?

Answer 14

As a means of attack, and of communicating with other hackers.

Question 15

What are the five normative orders that characterize that characterize the hacker subculture?

Answer 15

Technology, knowledge, commitment, categorization, and law.

Question 16

Hackers and technology:

Answer 16

Express a deep overriding interest in understanding and manipulating technology, which they report emerging from an early age. Use forums to obtain technical skills.

Question 17

Hackers and knowledge:

Answer 17

Continuous quest for knowledge. Hackers define themselves as people in pursuit of knowledge, and different labels are applied to individuals with varying levels of knowledge.

Question 18

What are hackers with lots or knowledge called?

Answer 18

Elite hackers, 1337, or leet.

Question 19

What are hackers with simplistic hacking activities called?

Answer 19

Script kiddies of noobs.

Question 20

What are people with no hacking knowledge, but attend DEFCON called?

Answer 20

Scene whores.

Question 21

Hackers and commitment:

Answer 21

An individual must be dedicated and willing to persist despite many obstacles and failures they will inevitably encounter.

Question 22

Hackers and categorization:

Answer 22

The subculture is characterized by debates over the point at which an individual can be considered an authentic hacker, and variations in the point at which individuals integrate “hacker” into their own identities.

Question 23

Hackers and law:

Answer 23

Debates revolve around questions about the legality of specific behaviours, as well as what forms of hacking are considered acceptable or unacceptable. Normal hacking and malicious hacking.

Question 24

Cyberterrorism

Answer 24

Forms of hacking that use computer viruses and malware to attack social infrastructure.

Question 25

What are the three similarities between the Zealots and Titan Rain?

Answer 25

1. Similar patterns of communication. Sent encrypted communications.
2. Similar connections and kinship webs. Chaining.
3. Faced similar obstacles, particularly the protection of property on the part of their victims.

Question 26

Chaining

Answer 26

In terrorist networks, the process by which an individual can only join the network after being introduced and recommended by an existing member.

Question 27

Digital Piracy

Answer 27

The illegal downloading of music, software, or video.

Question 28

Is digital piracy a high-consensus form of deviance?

Answer 28

Unlike hacking government or military systems it is not.

Question 29

Even though the Internet did not start piracy, why did the advent of the Internet encourage it?

Answer 29

The Internet facilitates piracy through through its anonymity, speed of transmission, and a shift in mindset about ownership given the perception that anything available online is free for others to download with impunity.

Question 30

Use differential association theory to explain piracy:

Answer 30

Techniques and motives for piracy are learned in online environments, such as how to recognize files that may contain viruses or malware.

Question 31

How do people neutralize the act of piracy?

Answer 31

Deny injury, condemn the condensers, and appeal to higher loyalties.

Question 32

Use interpretive theory to explain piracy:

Answer 32

Explores processes to identify formation and labelling in digital pirates. Active digital pirates may identify themselves as “pirates” as a personal identity but do not identify themselves with with the online pirating subculture. Labelling and stigmatization within the pirating community: lowlife shits and leeches.

Question 33

Cyberbullying

Answer 33

Refers to the use of information and communication technologies to support deliberate, repeated, and hostile behaviour by an individual or group that is intended to harm others.

Question 34

True or false? Most cyberbullying is at the hands of acquaintances.

Answer 34

False.

Question 35

Examples of cyberbullying:

Answer 35

• Repeatedly sending rude or offensive messages.
• Threats of harm or intimidation.
• Sending untrue or cruel messages about someone to others.
• Pretending to be another real person when posting or sending messages.
• Posting embarrassing or private information about someone.
• Tricking someone into releasing private information.
• Excluding someone from an online group.

Question 36

What proportion of people have been cyber bullied?

Answer 36

40%.

Question 37

What proportion of people have admitted to cyberbullying?

Answer 37

16-18%.

Question 38

How does the media serve as a social typer of deviance?

Answer 38

Through its framing of issues, events, and identities, it shows us who should be considered deviant, and why they should be considered deviant, and what should be done about it. Deviance dance. Can contradict or resist the deviant label.

Question 39

What is the most obvious case of the deviance dance in media?

Answer 39

Although media can be used as a tool to commit various deviant acts, it can also be used as a tool to exert measures of social control on deviant acts.

Question 40

How is media used as a tool against cyberbullying?

Answer 40

For example, a website that provides information and resources not only about bullying, but also suicide, depression, and substance abuse.

Question 41

How is the media used as a tool for the social control of offline deviant behaviour?

Answer 41

Human rights groups use smartphones to record violations, identify Stanley Cup rioters in Vancouver.

Question 42

How can media be used as a tool for resistance in the social typing process?

Answer 42

Social groups that are stigmatized offline can find online communities of support. Presence of online communities attempts to change society’s dominant moral codes.

Question 43

Anonymous

Answer 43

Hacktivist network that uses the Internet to resist social typing and change moral codes as well.

Question 44

Does Anonymous classify themselves as committing cyber crimes?

Answer 44

No, they consider themselves “hacktivists.”

Question 45

Hacktivists

Answer 45

Social activists who hack computers to improve society.

Question 46

Anonymous is most well known for its relationship with ___.

Answer 46

WikiLeaks.

Question 47

Give examples of media socially typed as deviant:

Answer 47

• Songs with explicit lyrics.

- Shows with sexual content (esp. homosexuality) and substance use.

Question 48

Give an example of media that was socially typed as deviant in the past that is no longer so.

Answer 48

Jazz music.

Question 49

Why were swing dancers typed as deviant in Germany during WWII?

Answer 49

Because Germans wanted a clean cut militaristic look that was strictly german, while those in the swing subculture were more easygoing and followed more English trends.