Chapter 10

Question 1

Conformity

Answer 1

A person, behaviour, or characteristic that is considered normal and acceptable.

Question 2

Deviance

Answer 2

A person, behaviour, or characteristic that is socially typed as deviant and subjected to measures of social control.

Question 3

Objective

Answer 3

The view of deviance as being characterized by a single, common, clearly identifiable characteristic.

Question 4

Positivist

Answer 4

Theories that attempt to explain the causes of behaviour.

Question 5

Objective approaches to deviance are more likely to use ___ theories.

Answer 5

Positivist.

Question 6

Subjective

Answer 6

The view of deviance as being the result of processes of social construction such that a person, behaviour, or characteristic is deviant “if enough important people say so.”

Question 7

Subjective approaches to deviance are more likely to use ___ approaches.

Answer 7

Critical/interpretive.

Question 8

The Supreme Court of Canada has shifted the definition of obscenity to one based on…

Answer 8

Social harm.

Question 9

Which view of deviance would explore why deviant religious groups form, what conditions foster acts like mass suicides, and what factors contribute to sect or cult violence?

Answer 9

Objective.

Question 10

What view of deviance would explore why there is a distinction between traditional churches, and sects and cults, and which groups are treated as deviant in a society?

Answer 10

Subjective.

Question 11

Scientific Misconduct

Answer 11

An umbrella term used to refer to fabrication or falsification of data, breaches of ethics, plagiarism, and any other scientific practices deemed unacceptable or inappropriate.

Question 12

Bad Apple/Person Theory

Answer 12

A theory that claims acts of scientific misconduct are rare.

Question 13

Iceberg Theory

Answer 13

A theory that claims the acts of scientific misconduct that are detected are only a small proportion of all of the instances of misconduct that are actually occurring.

Question 14

Social Typing Process

Answer 14

The process by which some people come to be perceived as deviant and others as normal.

Question 15

Description

Answer 15

The first component of the social typing process, whereby a label is attached to a particular person, behaviour, or characteristic.

Question 16

Evaluation

Answer 16

The second step of the social typing process, whereby a person, behaviour, or characteristic has judgements attached based on the label applied during the description component.

Question 17

Prescription

Answer 17

The third component of the social typing process, whereby measures of social control are directed at a person, behaviour, or characteristic because of the previously attached label and judgement.

Question 18

Informal Social Control

Answer 18

Forms of social control that emerge from everyday social interaction. Also known as informal regulation.

Question 19

Formal Social Controls

Answer 19

Forms of social control that emerge from organizations or institutions. Also known as formal regulation.

Question 20

Preventative Social Control

Answer 20

Forms of social control intended to prevent a deviant behaviour or characteristic from emerging in the first place.

Question 21

Retroactive Social control

Answer 21

Forms of social control intended to punish, fix, or cure deviance that has already occurred.

Question 22

Self-Control

Answer 22

Forms of social control that one directs at oneself. Also known as self-regulation.

Question 23

Moral Entrepreneurs

Answer 23

Individuals or groups who manufacture public morality by bringing a social problem to pubic awareness and then attempting to affect change in society’s dominant moral codes.

Question 24

Prescription refers to measures of ___ ___ or ___.

Answer 24

Social control, regulation.

Question 25

How is commercial enterprise involved in the social typing process through media?

Answer 25

1. Media is a form of commercial enterprise.

2. Commercial enterprise uses the media as a tool for selling its products.

Question 26

Deinstitutionalization

Answer 26

The social control of people with mental illnesses in community-based programs rather than in institutions.

Question 27

Anti-Cult Movement

Answer 27

Individuals that educate people about dangerous or destructive cults and attempt to control their activities by lobbying governments and other organizations. Also known as cult-awareness groups.

Question 28

Counter-Cult Movement

Answer 28

Fundamentalist Christian groups that express concerns about other religious groups they consider to be based on “wrong” ideologies.

Question 29

Deviance Dance

Answer 29

The interactions, negotiations, and debates among groups with different perceptions of whether a behaviour or characteristic is deviant and needs to be socially controlled and, if so, how.

Question 30

Deflecting

Answer 30

A stigma management technique in which individuals block an external stigmatizing force by distracting themselves from the labels they have been given.

Question 31

Challenging

Answer 31

A stigma management technique in which individuals actively fight back against an external stigmatizing force, such as through confronting or educating others.

Question 32

Junk Science

Answer 32

Ungrounded claims of people with little or no scientific background, or people using their scientific credentials alone to convince people of the validity of their claims.

Question 33

Examples of acts that are not deviant in other societies.

Answer 33

• Sambian rituals.
• Eugenics.
• Residential schools.
• Homosexuality.
• Truancy.

Question 34

True or false? Subjectivity will always be involved in the social typing of deviance.

Answer 34

True.

Question 35

Give an example of a document that is considered a foundational document that emphasizes the notion of human rights.

Answer 35

United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Question 36

Human Dignity

Answer 36

The right to be treated with respect; a fundamental human right.

Question 37

What are three common issues touched on in human rights documents?

Answer 37

1. Human dignity.
2. Discrimination.
3. Security of persons and property.

Question 38

Discrimination

Answer 38

Differential treatment on the basis of group membership; a violation of human rights.

Question 39

Security of Person and Property

Answer 39

A fundamental human right that protects individuals’ physical well-being and entitles them to control over their own property.

Question 40

When are circumstances where someone’s human rights may legitimately be violated?

Answer 40

Threats to social order, public health, or other people’s human rights.