Lecture 6 Flashcards
Onset of puberty for…Girls (age range)Boys (age rang)
Girls between 11-12yoBoys between 13-14yo
Secular Trend (def)e.g.?
Pattern of change that occurs over several generationse.g. increase in height over generations in north america, b/c better nutrition
Primary sex characteristics involve organs like…
Penis, Cervix, Uterus
Menarche (def)Time varies and is dependent on?What bodily ratio plays a role?Over the past century, girls have been entering puberty at an…, bc?
Onset of menstruationAffluenceProportion of muscle to fat (more fat, better for supporting baby)At an earlier age, BPA (mimics estrogen), stress
(Puberty in boys)Growth of penis and scrotum accerlates around age? reaches adult size how many years later?What enlarges?Spermache occurs?
Age 12, reaches adult size 3-4 years laterProstate & Seminal vesicles enlargeAround age 13
Hormones (def)Hypothalamus?
Chemical substances secreted by endocrine glands and carried through bloodstreamBrain structure involved in eating & sexual behavior
Testosterone assoc in puberty with…Estradiol assoc in girls with
Testosterone: genital development, increased height, deepening voiceEstradiol: Breast, uterine, and skeletal development
Body dissatisfaction more acute during ______ than late _______
during puberty than late adolescence (lots of emotional dev. but not much inhibitory control)
(gender diffs in body satisfaction)Girls?Boys?
Girls less happy with bodies and more negative body imageBoys become MORE satisfied with bodies as move through puberty
Early-maturing boys vs late-maturing boys?Early-maturing girls increase vulnerability to problems you’d expect (big boobs)
Early-maturing boys perceived selves more positively and had more successful peer relationships (but have a less positive sense of identity???)
Many adolescents exhibit _______ sleep patternsless than?linked to?how much do adolescents sleep when given opportunity to sleep as much as possible?
inadequate sleep patterns, less than 8 hours a day.linked to fatigue, moodiness, depression, more caffeine use, falling asleep in school9hrs 25m
Two common nutrient deficiencies in adolescents…
Iron & Calcum
fraction of overweight and obese adolescentsobesity increases risk of
1/5 overweight, 1/11 obeseincreases risk of: high blood pressure, diabetes, future
Anorexia Nervosa (def)Side effects…Symptoms…Age (ish) begins?
Relentless pursuit of thinness through starvationSide effects: bad sleep, menstruation stops, hair loss, pain insensitivity, too little salt (leads to seizures).Symptoms:
Bulimia NervosaSide effects…How vomitBegins…
Binge & purge patternSide effects: teeth/enamel decay, GI tract issuesSelf-induced vomiting or using a laxativeBegins in late adolescence or early adulthood
BED aka bulimia butEats in… and feels afer…Begins in…
Binge Eating disorder (Bulimia sans purging)Eats in secret, feels disgust afterwardsBegins childhood or adolescence
What are BED, Bulimia, Anorexia associated with? (2)
Genetic predisposition, perfectionist parents
Reasons adolescents use drugs (4)When is it a problem?
-Pleasure-Escape from pressures-Thrill-Peer PressureA problem when physical/psychological addiction can result (alters your baseline, homeostasis). Often happens during time of stress cause feel like you need it
When is a critical risk period for alchohol abuse?What are perceived benefits of drinking by use?
High school —> collegeSocial & coping benefits
Binge drinking (def)Fraction of university students report binge drinkingBinge drinking can result in…
More than 5 drinks in one sitting1/4 students report binge drinkingMissed classes, injuries, police trouble, unprotected sex
Tobacco use gr 6-9 (%?)gr 10-12?males vs females?
3% gr 6-913%(!) gr 10-12males more than females
What two brain development processes lead to increase in cog. abilities during adolescence?What brain area undergoes OMG DRAMATIC development during adolescenceB/c of lack of experience, what can adolescents do better than adults
Neural pruning and myelinationPrefrontal cortexThink OUTSIDE THE BOXread betweeen the LIONS (jk)
4th stage of Piaget’s stages?describe?what two formal operations are learned? describe?
Formal operational stageAdolescents learn to reason logically about ABSTRACT concepts1) Systematic problem-solving (step by step testing individual elements of problem, pendulum task, hold one variable constant and make changes in others…)2) Hypothetico-deductive reasoningAbility to derive conclusions from premises that are hyopthetical (scientific method, hypothesis testing)
What are the three aspects of formal operations (Piaget, 4th stage)
Abstract thinking (using symbols, ideas, concepts not direclty experienced by senses)Complex thinking (takes into account many connections or interpretations, how interact and are complex)Metacognition (thinking about and monitoring your own thinking)
What is postformal thinking?e.g.Reflective judgment?
A stage argued beyond formal operationsTake into account complexity of situations, and pragmatisim. Considers context!If you hear a man cheated on his wife, you will probably ask for more context to determine whether bad or not)Reflective judgment: ability to evaluate accuracy and coherence of arguments
For part of the information-processing model what is thought to be the crux of many cognitive advances?
METACOGNITION
Adolescent egocentrism (Piaget’s view).Def.e.g.
Extreme self-consciousness, belief that others are focused on their appearance, etc.E.g. spending many hours of day getting ready for school
David Elkind’s argues what two beliefs accompany formal operations?
Imaginary audience: belief that adolescent is alone on stage with audience judging him/her (like, metaphorically)Personal fable: belief that he/she is special/unique and invulnerable
(depression)% of adolescents for 2 consec weeks% experience major depressionWhat is the 2nd leading cause of death for 15-24 year olds (after motor vehicle accident?Higher rate for males or females? Attempts?
25% for 2 consec weeks, stop participating in other activities3% experience major depressionSuicideHigher for males, but females more attempts
Adolescents: Describe changes in grades vs standardized test scoresAssoc. b/t SES and grades?Why?Difference amplified when?
Grades improved, standardized test scores no! grade inflationMiddle & high SES students earn higher grades and scores on standardized assessmentsEnriched environment makes difference, especially in adolescence (more homework, computer, more resources required to do work)
% students don’t complete high schoolgender diff?rates highest in canada?which cultural group has a lower drop-out rate?assoc with income?
8% do not completeMales more likely to drop outNorth and rural areas highest rates of droppingImmigrant youth have a lower drop-out rate!Students from lower-income homes 3x as likely to drop out
Important social cognitive abilities adolescents develop (4)perceiving others…taking?social cog?understanding others’?
perceiving others’ traitsperspective takingsocial cognitive monitoringunderstanding others’ private and public faces
Developments in self-understanding in adolescence (6)-Ab & id….se-co….cont…fluc .re & id.se-int
.abstract and idealistic thinking.self-consciousness.contradictions within the self.fluctuating self (outgoing in one group, shy in another).real and ideal selves.self-integration (comfortable with self across contexts)
Put simply…Self-conceptSelf-esteem
Self-concept: What am I like?Self-esteem: How do I like myself?
Gender diff in self esteem, and emerges when?SES assoc?
Males have higher self esteem than females (media female bodies), emerges early adolescenceHigh SES = hi self esteem
Erikson - Identity vs (Identity) confusiondescribeWhat state helps facilitate this process? describe
Who they are, what they are all about, where they are going in lifeThe psychosocial moratorium!.society leaves adolescents relatively free of responsibility, and allows them to try on different identities
What are the two identity processes Describe.
Crisis: Period of identity development during which an individual explores alternativesCommitment: Personal investment in identity
Describe the 4 identity statuses goddamn quadrant chartYouth tend to experience which three?
Has the person made a commitment? X——–(Yes)———————(No)———–>(Yes) Identity Achievement - Identity Moratorium(No) Identity Foreclosure - Identity DiffusionHas the person explored meaningful alternatives? (Y)ALL but achievement
Describe the 4 identity statuses brieflyIdentity AchievementMoratoriumForeclosureDiffusionResearchers think that identity changes happen not in adolescence but:
Achievement (Commitment, Explored)Moratorium (No Commitment, Explored)Foreclosure (Commitment, No Explore).parents shove a career down parents throat, assoc. with wanting to please parentsDiffusion (No Commitment, No explore)APATHYEMERGING ADULTHOOD (during college), many young adults identity diffused
What may stimulate individuals to reach higher level of intergration of identtiy?What is linked to capacity to explore?What are MAMA cylcles?Identity consolidation can continue into…? In this stage od dev, individuals are ____ concerned about their identity
Complex reasoning skills and experiencesQuality of friendships and romantic relationshipscycles from Moratorium to Achievement, can happen for rest of life, helathyContinue into middle adulthood, MORE concerned in middle adulthood!
What two types of cultural contexts can affect identity development?How can diff cultures affect dev of identity?What cultural groups can struggle with identity and why?
Individualistic vs CollectivistCan take longer or shorter depending on identity! Italy for example kids live with parents until early 30s!Ethnic minority groups, struggle to maintain ethnic identity while blending with dominant culture (conform or hold onto values, accept rject)
Bicultural identityWhy do adolescents start to increasingly consider meaning of ethnic identity?
Identifying in some ways with ethnic group and in other ways with dominant cultureDue to advanced cognitive skills, abstract thinking, self-reflection
Reference groupse.g.
Groups of people that an individual can compare him or herself toe.g. peers, school groups, sports teams, scouts
Clique (def)Crowds (def)
2-12 ppl (small group)Same age and same sex (usually)Engage in same activitiesLarger than cliqueMembership based on reputation (emos, jocks)Defined by activities that individuals in crowd engage in
Conformity as a pressure increases from ________ to ________Peak in grades?Cultural diffs in pressure to resist influences from?
childhood to adolescencepeak in grades 8 and 9Parents, collectivist less likely to resist parents
3 types of peersControversialRejectedNeglected
Controversial: liked by some, disliked by othersRejected Adolescents: actively disliked and peers may react to them negativelyNeglected: Receive little attention from peers
Describe the two types of juvenile delinquents
Undersocialized.raised w/ little discipline or harsh uncaring supervision.lower intelligence, hi aggression, continue with criminal activity & antisocial behavior thru lifeSocialized.subscribe to societal norms and typical psychologically, but highly peer influenced! want to fit in to gain acceptance
Secure attachment facilitates social competence and well-beingCauses positive….se-es, em ad, phy he, pe re, em re
Self-esteem, emotional adjustment, physical healthPositive peer relations, emotional regulation
(Stages of romantic relationships in adolescence)Entry into romantic attractions and affiliations (yo? def)Exploring romantic relationships (yo? def)Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds (yo? def)
Entry into romantic attractions and affiliations (11-13yo).interested in romance, develops crush, dating takes place in group settings (put up celeb posters spice girls this stage)Exploring romantic relationships (14-16yo).Casual dating and gropu dating, superficial.Lo self-disclosure, lo emotional intimacyConsolidating dyadic romantic bonds (17-19yo).More serious romantic relationships.Strong emotional bonds resemble adult relationships.Sharing of authentic emotions
By age 15, what percent of males and females report masturbation?Percentage of teens report first sexual intercourse before age 15?
80% male, 20% female8% of teens
