Lecture 1 Flashcards
Lifespan development-def-focus on?-dev. researchers investigate how __ & __…
Def: The cognitive, physical, and social developments that occur from birth to death.focus on patterns of growth/change/stability in behavior across development.biological & environmental factors JOINTLY influence dev
Characteristics of Life-Span Perspective
-Lifelong-Multi-dimensional/directional-Plastic-Multi-disciplinary-Contextual-Growth, Maintenance, and Regulation of Loss-Co-construction of biology, culture, and the individual
Physical Development.def.includes dev of…
Def: Dev. that involves the physical makeup of an individual.includes dev. of central/peripheral NS, muscles, & biological needs
Cognitive Dev.def.includes…
Def: Dev that involves growth and change in intellectual abilities and how these changes influence behavior.includes learning/memory/problem solving too
Personality Dev.def:
Def: Change & stability in the enduring characteristics that differentiate individuals
Social Dev.def:
Def: growth/stability/change in how individuals interact with others and in their quality of relationships
Lifespan Divisions (yrs) MEMORIZE1) Prenatal period2) Infancy3) Early Childhood4) Middle Childhood5) Adolescence6) Young adulthood7) Middle adulthood8) Late adulthood
1) Prenatal period (conception-birth)2) Infancy (birth-2)3) Early Childhood (2-6)4) Middle Childhood (6-12)5) Adolescence (12-20)6) Young adulthood (20-40)7) Middle adulthood (40-65)8) Late adulthood (65-death)
Cohort
a group of individuals who are born around the same TIME and in a similar LOCATION.
History-graded influences.def:
Common to people of a particular generation due to historical circumstances
Age-graded influences
Similar for individuals sharing the same age groupe.g. puberty
Sociocultural-graded influences
Social and cultural factors that are present at a particular time for a particular individual (contingent upon ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership)e.g. are you part of a minority?
Nonnormative life events
Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual’s lifee.g. amputee, teenage mom…
Nature & Nurture
Interaction of biological inheritance and environmental experience
Continuous change vs. discontinuous change
Continuous change: development is gradual and new achievements build upon previous achievements. This type of change is quantitative.Discontinuous change: development occurs in distinct stages. Different stages highlight qualitatively different behavior.
Critical vs sensitive periods
Critical period: particular time during development when an EVENT can have its most profound consequences.e.g. if you don’t have an element of the environment present, you will suffer (e.g. formal language if not exposed never develops proficiency) Sensitive period: particular time during development when individual is particularly susceptible to certain types of stimuli and their environments.
Psychodynamic Perspective
Psychodynamic perspective: your behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are typically beyond your control and awareness
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory.what has remained important from his research?
unconscious forces determine both personality and behavior .importance of unconscious substantiated by contemporary research. otherwise, theories have gotten little validation
Freud argued that personality consists of 3 elements…?Pleasure principle?Reality principle?Superego? when develops?
Pleasure Principle: obeys the ID, wants to satisfy its urgesReality Principle: obeys the ego, your ability to navigate society and follow societal normsSuperego: your sense of morality, dev 5-6 yrs of age
Freud’s stages of Psychosexual Development-Oral stage(age, gratification from, fixation characteristics…)
- Oral (Birth-18 mo)Gratification from… Oral behaviorsFixation CharacteristicsPassive, dependent, gullible
Freud’s stages of Psychosexual Development-Anal(age, gratification from, fixation characteristics (INCL. toilet training…)
- Anal (1.5-3yrs)Gratification from… DefecationFixation CharacteristicsAnal-retentive (toilet trained too early) or anal-expulsive (too late)
Freud’s stages of Psychosexual Development-Phallic(age, gratification from, fixation characteristics…)Oedipus complex?
- Phallic (3-6yrs)Gratification from… Genital stimulationFixation CharacteristicsFlirtatious, vain, jealous, competitiveOedipus: sexual affinity for mom, aggression for dad. Elektra complex the opposite.
Erikson’s psychosocial theory.what is central infl. in dev?.he emphasized importance of?.argued that dev. continues….Erikson criticized for?
.Social motivations & desire to affiliate w/ others is central influence in dev..emphasized importance of early and later experiences in life.criticized for developing theory too vague to be emprically tested
Describe the behavioral perspective on development
In order to understand development, you must focus on observable behavior and the stimuli that exist in an individuals’ environment
Classical conditioning
learning that occurs when an organism responds in a certain way to a neutral stimulus that does not normally bring about that particular response
Classical Conditioning Therapies.Exposure therapy
Exposure therapy.Extinction of CR through exposure to CS without presence of UCSSystematic desensitization.Muscular relaxation paired with gradual exposure to fear-inducing stimulusFlooding.Exposure to fearful stimulusVR Exposure therapy.Effective for phobias
Operant Conditioning.Def?.principles applied in?
Consequences of behavior produce changes in probability of behaviorRewards and punishments shape behavior.principles applied in behavior modification techniques
Bandura’s Social Cog. Theory.Dev shaped through..Form.. of….May adopt…
..Development shaped through observational learning.Form cognitive representations of others’ behaviors.May adopt behaviors, thoughts, and feelings accordingly
Cognitive perspective
focuses upon the processes that enable individuals to know, understand, and think.
Piaget’s cognitive dev theory.Children actively….They are organize…
.Children actively construct understanding of the world.Organizing observations, connecting ideas, adapting to environmental demands
Piaget’s Stages of Cog. Development1. Sensorimotor stage2. Preoperational Stage3. Concrete Operational stage4. Formal operational stage
- Sensorimotor stage (Birth to 2).Infant constructs understanding of world by coordinating sensory exp w/ physical actions2. Preoperational Stage (2-7 yrs).Child begins to represent world w/ words and images, reflecting symbolic thinking.Plagued by centration, can only focus on one thing at a time3. Concrete Operational stage (7-11 yrs).child can reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into diff sets4. Formal operational stage (11+).adolescent reasons in abstract, idealistic, and logical ways
Information-Processing Theory.individuals m., m., and st. ?.grad develop inc. cap. for?.allows acquisition of?.says dev. is C
.individuals manipulate, monitor, and strategize information.gradually develop inc. capacity for processing information.allows acquisition of increasingly complex knowledge and skills.says dev is CONTINUOUS, you are developing your ability to process information and building skills on other skills
cognitive neuroscience approaches.investigate?
investigate cog. dev. by focusing on neurological activity assoc. w/ thinking/speaking/problem solving, & other cog. activities
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Dev.(ages)1. T v M2. A vs S/D3. I v. G.4. Ind. v Inf
- Trust vs. Mistrust (Age 1).Infant develops sense of security2. Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (Age 1-3).Infant achieves sense of independence (are they encouraged or reprimanded for exploring?)3. Initiative vs. Guilt (Age 3-5)Child finds balance b/t spontaneity & restraint4. Industry vs InferiorityChild attains a sense of self-confidence (when comparing self to peers, confident?)
Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Dev.(stages)5. I v. R. C.6. Int. v. Is7. G. vs. S.8. I. v. D.
- Identity vs. role confusion (Adolescence)-Adolescent experiences sense of self that is unified6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early Adulthood)Adult forms personal relationships that are close7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood)Adult promotes the well-being of other people (contributing to something beyond themselves, gain generativity)8. Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood)Adult enjoys sense of satisfaction by reflecting on a well lived life
Contextual perspective.highlights influence of…!.considers the assoc. b/t ind. and their…
.highlights influence of ENVIRONMENT.considers the association between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds.
Bioecological Approach.Def..levels of system1. Mi…2. Me3. Ex4. Ma5. Ch
Different levels of the environment simultaneously impact an individual (family to zeitgeist)1. Microsystem.family/school/peers/health services/play area2. Mesosystem (int. b/t micro and exo)3. Exosystem (one step removed).friends of family, mass media, social welfare services, neighbors4. Macrosystem.attitudes and ideologies of the culture (zeitgeist)5. Chronosystem.time Y AXIS (how all these layers evolve over time, sociohistorical conditions and time since life events)
Scheme
How you engage in a particular activity or behaviore.g. If going to reach for a piece of paper, extend arm, bend over, grab it in a pincer fashion… think steps
Schema
Your mental representation of information (minus behavioral component)E.g. If you think of a car, you have a representation of it that comes to mind (think Carness… essentialism right)?
According to Vygotsky, S I are critically important in building C skills
According to Vygotsky, social interactions are critically important in building cognitive skills.
Sociocultural theory.def:
complex forms of thinking originate in social interactions rather than private explorations.(think scaffolding)
Sociocultural theory.scaffolding def
a process during which individuals learn new skills as a result of being guided by someone who is more skilled (e.g. parent or older sibling)
Sociocultural theory.Zone of proximal development
tasks that are too difficult for a child to complete alone, but that can be accomplished with guidancee.g. walking!
Evolutionary perspective:
behavior can be understood in terms of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors
Ethological Theory.behavior strongly inf by…, tied to…, characterized by…
Behavior is strongly influenced by biology, tied to evolution, and characterized by critical or sensitive periods(Think Konrad Lorenz, geese guy)
Ethological TheoryKonrad Lorenz
GEESEEuropean zoologist who studied behavior of geese
Ethological TheoryImprinting
rapid, innate learning involving attachment to first moving object
Eclectic Theoretical Orientation
no single theory accounts for everything, all theoretical perspectives compared and contrasted in views of development blah blah blah easy way out
