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PSYCO 223 > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Zygote

A

The first cell that is created when a sperm pushes through the membrane of the ovum

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2
Q

Humans have __k genes

A

25k genes

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3
Q

the environment can turn genes __ and ___-genes collaborate w/ __ and w/ ______ in/out of the ___

A

on and off!Genes collaborate with each other and with nongenetic factors in and outside of body

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4
Q

Meiosis process____ once, ____ twice, creating _____-each cell contains…

A

-duplicates once, divides twice creating 4 cells-each cell contains 23 unpaired chromosomes, half of genetic material of parent

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5
Q

Likelihood of giving birth to twins? (%)

A

less than 3%

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6
Q

monozygotic twinsdizygotic twins

A

-monozygotic (single fertilized ovum divides)-dizygotic (2 ova fertilized by 2 diff sperm around same time)

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7
Q

2 reasons probability of multiple births has increased

A

-increased use of fertility drugs-increased due to increase age in birth mothers

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8
Q

Genoytep

A

person’s actual genetic material

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9
Q

Phenotypedef._____ of ph can be…

A

Observable and measurable characteristics of an individual.range of phenotypes can be expressed for each genotype

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10
Q

Dominant-recessive genes

A

.Dominant gene overrides the expression of the recessive gene.Recessive gene exerts its influence only if both genes in the pair are recessive

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11
Q

Sex-linked genes.def.x-linked inheritance?.what is it due to?

A

-usually do with female/male characterisitcs, but X-linked inheritance females usually carriers (cause have 2 X alleles and one dominant) but men have only one X so a recessive gene will exhibit-X-linked inheritance results when a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome

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12
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU).kind of disorder?.child cannot use…?.what can build to ____ levels.produced by a?

A

Inherited disorderChild cannot use phenylalanine (essential amino acid in proteins found in foods)If untreated phenylalanine can build to toxic levels Produced by a single allele (pair of genes)

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13
Q

Polygenic inheritance.def.most characteristics determined by….genes vary in their…

A

when multiple gene pairs are responsible for the production of a trait. Most human characteristics are determined by interaction of several genesGenes also vary in their REACTION RANGE

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14
Q

When can development deviate from the norm (affected by genetics).genes become….spontaneous….what factors infl?

A

-Genes become physically damaged-Spontaneous mutations occur-Environmental factors influence genes

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15
Q

CHROMOSOMAL Disorders.Down Syndrome.Klinefelter Syndrome.Fragile X syndrome.Turner syndromXYY syndrome

A

.Down Syndrome(extra chromosome, intellectual disability & physical abnormalities).Klinefelter Syndrome(extra X chromosome, physical abnormalities).Fragile X syndrome(abnormality in X chromosome, intellectual & cog. disabilities).Turner syndrome(missing X chromosome in females, intellectual disability and sexual underdevelopment).XYY syndrome(extra Y chromosome above-average height)

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16
Q

Genetic Disorders

A

Cystic fibrosisDiabetesHemopheliaHuntington’s DiseasePhenylketonuriaSickle-cell anemiaSpina bifidaTay-Sachs disease

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17
Q

Ultrasound Sonographydef.the ___ and ____ of unborn baby…

A

-high-frequency sound waves scan the womb to produce an image of the unborn baby. -The size and shape of the unborn baby can be assessed

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18
Q

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS).def.used to?

A

test that involves taking samples of material that surrounds the embryo.. used to detect genetic defects

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19
Q

Amniocentesis

A

identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells obtained by inserting a needle into the amniotic fluid.

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20
Q

Behavior genetics

A

Investigates the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development

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21
Q

Multifactorial transmission

A

traits are determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors (genotype provides a range within which phenotype is expressed)

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22
Q

Adoption study.def.may also compare…

A

Seek to discover whether adopted children’s behavior and psychological characteristics are more like adoptive or biological parents. May also compare adoptive and biological siblings

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23
Q

Heredity-environment correlations.def.as child ages….some environments can?

A

Individuals’ genes may influence environments to which they are exposed. As child ages, experiences extend beyond family.Some environments can mute or strengthen genetic traits

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24
Q

Passive genotype-environment correlations

A

Biological parents, who are genetically related to child, provide rearing environment

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25
Q

Evocative genotype-environment correlations

A

Child’s characteristics elicit certain types of characteristics

26
Q

Active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlations

A

When children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating

27
Q

Shared environmental experiencesVS.Nonshared environmental experiences

A

Siblings’ common experiencesVSChild’s own unique experiences, both within and outside of family, not shared by sibling

28
Q

Epigenetic view

A

Development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment

29
Q

Genetic factors strongly linked to which personality traits?

A

NeuroticismExtroversion

30
Q

Genetic factors are also linked to many psychological disorders including…

A

SchizophreniaMajor depressionAlcoholismAutismADHD

31
Q

Conception

A

When a single sperm cell unites with an ovum in a process called fertilization

32
Q

Prenatal Dev..lasts for.begins/ends with.divided into?

A

Lasts for approximately 266 daysBeginning with fertilization and ending with birthFurther divided into three periods

33
Q

Germinal period

A

First 2 weeks after conception

34
Q

Embryonic Period

A

From 2-8 weeks after conception

35
Q

Fetal Period

A

Lasts about 8 weeks until birth

36
Q

Infertility.def, %?.among men?

A

.inability to conceive after 12-18 months of trying, ~15% couples.men: too few sperm.women: failure to release egg

37
Q

Infertility treatments

A

Drugs or surgeryArtificial inseminationIn vitro fertilization

38
Q

Miscarriage.def.% of pregnancies?

A

.spontaneous abortion, when the embryo detaches from the wall of the uterus and is expelled before the child can survive outside the womb.15-20% in first several months

39
Q

Teratogen.def.severity depends on?

A

Any environmental agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive or behavioral outcomes.severity depends on: dosage, genetic susceptibility, time of exposure

40
Q

Labour (266 days after conception).CRH triggers?.when oxytocin levels hi?.when birth imminent?

A

.CRH triggers release of oxytocin. When oxytocin levels are sufficiently high, the uterus begins periodic contractions. When birth is imminent: uterus contracts intermittently

41
Q

Stages of birth.Beginning of uterine contractions… (min, cervix)

A

Beginning of uterine contractions:.8-10 minutes apart.Cervix stretches and opens to 10 centimetersBaby begins to move through birth canal. Contractions come almost every minute.Mother bears down to push the baby outAfterbirth.Placenta, umbilical cord, and membranes detached and expelled

42
Q

Apgar Scale.def.measures?

A

. Used to assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth. Heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability evaluated.want a 7/10

43
Q

Bonding.in 1970s/80s argued that…but?other but?

A

.immediately after birth emotional/physical contact critical for healthy bond.empirical evidence lacking.but newborns do need touch/gentle massage shortly after to stimulate production of chemicals responsible for initiating growth

44
Q

Obstetricians

A

physicians who specialize in delivering babies

45
Q

Midwives.def.incr. demand….for pregnancies with…

A

.usually nurses specializing in childbirth.increasing demand but only 3% of woman ask for one.for pregnancies with no expected complications

46
Q

Doula

A

provides emotional, psychological, and educational support during birth

47
Q

Epidural anesthesia.def.50% of women choose…?.walking epidurals and dual spinal-epidurals can…

A

produces numbness from the waist down. Approximately 50% of Canadian women choose this option.Walking epidurals and dual spinal-epidurals can allow women to move more freely

48
Q

newborn medical screening.def.# of tests varies by…

A

Newborns: are typically tested for a variety of genetic conditions and diseases. The number of tests varies by province

49
Q

Preterm infants.def.avg newborn vs lo birth weight newborn.imp of remaining in hospital to gain add. weight?

A

.infants who are born before 37 weeks gestation (known as premature).3400g (avg) vs

50
Q

If preterm infants are very premature and small, at risk of developing…

A

respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). As a result, they are often placed in incubators.

51
Q

VERY-low-birth-weight infants.def (this OR that).significant danger of death b/c?

A

.Weigh less than 1250 grams OR (regardless of weight) have been in womb less than 30 weeks.Significant danger of death since their organ systems are immature

52
Q

Postmature infants.def.y a problem? (2)

A

.infants still unborn 2 weeks after the due date.Blood supply from the placenta can become insufficient to nourish the fetus.baby gets too big to push out!!!

53
Q

Caesarean delivery.def.% of moms.most often requested if?.sometimes used when?

A

baby is surgically removed from the uterus instead of being delivered through birth canal.25% of mothers.Most often requested when fetus shows distress or if blood flows from mother’s vagina during labor.Sometimes used when baby is in breech position

54
Q

Stillbirth.def.freq?

A

.delivery of infant that is not alive.Occurs in fewer than 1/100 deliveries

55
Q

Infant mortality

A

.death within 1st year of life.7/1000 live births.

56
Q

Postpartum blues.def.without treatment, feelings…

A

.Feelings of anxiety, upset, or depression that come and go for several months following birth.Without treatment, feelings go away after a few weeks

57
Q

Postpartum depression.def (what is it, what feelings/difficulties).may worsen w/o?

A

.Major depressive episode that occurs about 4 weeks after delivery.Strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, despair, trouble coping with daily tasks.May worsen without treatment

58
Q

Newborn babies begin to…. as soon as exposed to?

A

Newborn babies begin to breath on their own as soon as they are exposed to air.

59
Q

Newborn reflexes

A

SuckingSwallowingRootingCoughingSneezingBlinking

60
Q

Newborn abilities.vision?.hearing?.touch/smell/taste?

A

.newborn vision poor, but can detect strong contrasts w/ environment and distinguish b/t diff colors.can hear and recognize sounds.touch, smell and taste all well developed

PSYCO 223 (6 decks)

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