Lecture 4 - Early Childhood Flashcards
Avg ht. wgt. at birth?infants _____ wgt. by when?at age _, ___ adult height, __% adult wgt.
avg 20 inches ht, 7.5lbs at birthinfants triple weight by 1 yr1/2 adult height, 20% adult weight by age 2
in early childhood, girls gain ___, boys gain ______
girls gain fat, boys gain muscle!
Girls get growth spurt ~__yo, boys ~__yo?
girls at 12, boys at 14
Obesity defprevalence has ______ in past __ yrs?
Obesity: +20% > avg. weight for a person of particular age & heightprevalence has INCREASED in past 20 years
optimal strategy to deal with obesity?.hi ____ content is important.____ children to ___ food
variety of lo-fat & hi-nutrition foods available for preschoolers.hi iron content important.expose children to new foods
greatest risk to preschoolers? (leading cause of death)__% of _____ occur during?__% occur at?___ have higher rate of?
ACCIDENTS, injuries leading cause of death among children55% of injuries occur during sports/leisure73% occur at homeboys have a higher rate of injuries
+__% children between 1-5 in some form of ____ outside the homewhere early education for children? (3)
+50% canadian children 1-5yo in some form of care outside homechild-care centers & family-run child-care centres, & preschools
characteristics of hi-quality early child-care (4)-care providers are?-ratio of?-planned?-rich what environment?
-well trained care-providers-good ratio of providers to children (diff for each age range)-carefully planned curriculum-rich language environment
What 2 ways does the brain develop in childhood and what do these two things facilitate?1) # of…2) amount of…also, the _____ _______ becomes thicker, facilitates?
1) # of interconnections increases, facilitates acquisition of cognitive skills2) amount of myelin increases, facilitates speed of neural processing (MILK GOOD FOR THIS, b/c oleic-acid rich!)Corpus callosum thicker, facilitates coordination between hemispheres
Lateralization def:Left involved in, right involved in?
Brain hemispheres develop specialized functionsLeft involved in verbal tasks (sequential processing)Right in non-verbal tasks (patterns too, simultaneous processing)
In Early Childhood, preschool children can now engage in activities that require hi degree of _________e.g.? (3)
coordinatione.g.: bikie, ski, climb ladders
in early childhood motor development, boys typically have more _____ _______ and a higher overall ______ level than girlsgirls have advantage on tasks that require ____ _______
more muscle strength, higher activity levelgirls better at tasks requiring ____ ____________
signs of readiness for toilet training-staying ___ for more than _ ____ through day-waking up ___ after ____-regular/predictable _____ ______BUT, children should be ready _______ and ________
-staying dry for +2 hrs thru day-waking up dry after naps-regular/predictable bowel movementsBUT, they should be ready physically and emotionally
Children 90% ____-handedMore ____ than ____ are left-handed
90% right handedmore boys are left handed!
(perception) at 3-4 years of age, children increasingly efficient at detecting _________ between ______
boundaries between colors (i.e. differences in wavelength)
many pre-school children are ____-sighted (def?)-this improves by _____ grade tho
far-sighted, can’t see close up as well as far awaythis improves by 1st grade tho
Piaget’s central question for developmental psychology????
HOW DOES THINKING DEVELOP that guy is such a cutie
Logical thinking evolves in 4 stages (Piaget)1) Name, birth to? how act on world?3) Name, age range, begin to think… and capable of… SANS
1) Sensorimotor Stage (Birth - 2yo).Infants use sensory & motor schemes to act on world
Logical thinking evolves in 4 stages (Piaget):2) Name, age range, acquire … like … use to?
2) Preoperational Stage (2-7yo).Children acquire symbolic schemes like language and fantasy, and use these symobolic schemes to think and communicate.
Logical thinking evolves in 4 stages (Piaget)3) Name, age range, begin to think… and capable of… SANS
3) Concrete operational stage (7-11yo).Children begin to think logically and become capanle of solving problems SANS abstraction, cognition tied to the physical world
4) Name, age range, adolescents think ______ about __ and ___ ____?
4) Formal operational stage (11yo+).Adolescents learn to think logically about abstract ideas and hypothetical situations
(Piaget) Between __-__ mo, children acquire ________ (________) function-this signals beginning of the ______________ stage
between 18-24 mo, children acquire semiotic (symbolic) function (i.e. language & fantasy)-signals beginning of preoperational stage!
During preoperational stage, children…-use _______ proficiently-have difficulty thinking _________-at 2-3 yrs, begin to use _______ in their play
-use symbols proficiently-have difficulty thinking logically (that’s in next stage, concrete)-use pretend in their play at 2-3 yrs
6 types of play and ages, 1 ex for ea.1) S2) F3) C
1) Sensorimotor (12 mo)-grab object & put in mouth, use sense/motor skills to manipulate objects2) First pretend play (15-21mo)-Using object for intended purpose, but one char. diff from reality (absence of water)-Child could take empty cup, put to mouth, and pretend to drink3) Constructive (2 yrs)-building & constructing things, (taking blocks and stacking them)
6 types of play and ages, 1 ex for ea.4) S5) S6) R
4) Substitute pretend play (2-3 yrs)-Can transform object of object entirely, e.g. pretend a block is a truck5) Sociodramatic play-Give things roles, e.g. play family or give teddy bear role, or have imaginary friends6) Rule governed play-Children very concerned with rules of play (you’re tallest, so you HAVE to be the father)-If altered, get upset
Egocentrism (def)
Belief among young children that everyone sees and experiences the world the way they do
What Piaget task tests egocentrism?DescribeA criticism?
Three-Mountain Task!-3 mountains on table, child sits in chair and asked to describe orientation of mountains. Puppet on other side of table. Piaget asks what would the puppet see, and they find it super hard!-Criticism: Kids might no understand/interpret instructiosn clearly, what is experimenter asking?
Centration (def)animism?
Tendency for young children to think of world in terms of one variable at a timeAnimism: everything that moves is alive. Trees & leaves move, must be alive (OVEREXTENDING BITCHES)also 2 container test
Conservation (def)What 3 principles lead to understanding of conservation? Describe each
Understanding that matter can change in appearance without changing in quantity1) Identity: Object retains identity unless mass added or taken away2) Compensation: Factors b/t containers can exchange, multiple factors at a time3) Reversibility: actions can be reversed, elements can reverse to original state
(Egocentrism) Children have some ability to understand others’ perspectives it as early as??At _ or _yo, can adapt speech/play to demands of?
14.5 monthsAt 3 or 4, can adapt speech/play to demands of a companion
Average preschooler can _____ in a systemic and _______ manner
Can count in a systemic and fairly CONSISTENT manner
autobiographical memory becomes increasingly _______ throughout preschool, but events must be _______
autobiographical memory becomes increasingly accurate, but events must be salient!
what are scripts (memory), preschoolers oragnize their memory like thise.g.?
broad representations in memory of events and the ORDER in which they occure.g. sequence of expectations, social script with waiter at a restaurant
forensice developmental psychologywhy exist?
studies reliability of childrens autobiographical memories in a legal contextexists b/c children easily swayed in terms of their encoding of information!
long-term memory defshort-term memory def
long-term: relatively permanent & unlimited type of memoryshort-term: retention of information for up to 15-30 seconds without rehearsal of information.individuals can retain information longer using rehearsal
