Lecture 4 - Early Childhood Flashcards
Avg ht. wgt. at birth?infants _____ wgt. by when?at age _, ___ adult height, __% adult wgt.
avg 20 inches ht, 7.5lbs at birthinfants triple weight by 1 yr1/2 adult height, 20% adult weight by age 2
in early childhood, girls gain ___, boys gain ______
girls gain fat, boys gain muscle!
Girls get growth spurt ~__yo, boys ~__yo?
girls at 12, boys at 14
Obesity defprevalence has ______ in past __ yrs?
Obesity: +20% > avg. weight for a person of particular age & heightprevalence has INCREASED in past 20 years
optimal strategy to deal with obesity?.hi ____ content is important.____ children to ___ food
variety of lo-fat & hi-nutrition foods available for preschoolers.hi iron content important.expose children to new foods
greatest risk to preschoolers? (leading cause of death)__% of _____ occur during?__% occur at?___ have higher rate of?
ACCIDENTS, injuries leading cause of death among children55% of injuries occur during sports/leisure73% occur at homeboys have a higher rate of injuries
+__% children between 1-5 in some form of ____ outside the homewhere early education for children? (3)
+50% canadian children 1-5yo in some form of care outside homechild-care centers & family-run child-care centres, & preschools
characteristics of hi-quality early child-care (4)-care providers are?-ratio of?-planned?-rich what environment?
-well trained care-providers-good ratio of providers to children (diff for each age range)-carefully planned curriculum-rich language environment
What 2 ways does the brain develop in childhood and what do these two things facilitate?1) # of…2) amount of…also, the _____ _______ becomes thicker, facilitates?
1) # of interconnections increases, facilitates acquisition of cognitive skills2) amount of myelin increases, facilitates speed of neural processing (MILK GOOD FOR THIS, b/c oleic-acid rich!)Corpus callosum thicker, facilitates coordination between hemispheres
Lateralization def:Left involved in, right involved in?
Brain hemispheres develop specialized functionsLeft involved in verbal tasks (sequential processing)Right in non-verbal tasks (patterns too, simultaneous processing)
In Early Childhood, preschool children can now engage in activities that require hi degree of _________e.g.? (3)
coordinatione.g.: bikie, ski, climb ladders
in early childhood motor development, boys typically have more _____ _______ and a higher overall ______ level than girlsgirls have advantage on tasks that require ____ _______
more muscle strength, higher activity levelgirls better at tasks requiring ____ ____________
signs of readiness for toilet training-staying ___ for more than _ ____ through day-waking up ___ after ____-regular/predictable _____ ______BUT, children should be ready _______ and ________
-staying dry for +2 hrs thru day-waking up dry after naps-regular/predictable bowel movementsBUT, they should be ready physically and emotionally
Children 90% ____-handedMore ____ than ____ are left-handed
90% right handedmore boys are left handed!
(perception) at 3-4 years of age, children increasingly efficient at detecting _________ between ______
boundaries between colors (i.e. differences in wavelength)
many pre-school children are ____-sighted (def?)-this improves by _____ grade tho
far-sighted, can’t see close up as well as far awaythis improves by 1st grade tho
Piaget’s central question for developmental psychology????
HOW DOES THINKING DEVELOP that guy is such a cutie
Logical thinking evolves in 4 stages (Piaget)1) Name, birth to? how act on world?3) Name, age range, begin to think… and capable of… SANS
1) Sensorimotor Stage (Birth - 2yo).Infants use sensory & motor schemes to act on world
Logical thinking evolves in 4 stages (Piaget):2) Name, age range, acquire … like … use to?
2) Preoperational Stage (2-7yo).Children acquire symbolic schemes like language and fantasy, and use these symobolic schemes to think and communicate.
Logical thinking evolves in 4 stages (Piaget)3) Name, age range, begin to think… and capable of… SANS
3) Concrete operational stage (7-11yo).Children begin to think logically and become capanle of solving problems SANS abstraction, cognition tied to the physical world
4) Name, age range, adolescents think ______ about __ and ___ ____?
4) Formal operational stage (11yo+).Adolescents learn to think logically about abstract ideas and hypothetical situations
(Piaget) Between __-__ mo, children acquire ________ (________) function-this signals beginning of the ______________ stage
between 18-24 mo, children acquire semiotic (symbolic) function (i.e. language & fantasy)-signals beginning of preoperational stage!
During preoperational stage, children…-use _______ proficiently-have difficulty thinking _________-at 2-3 yrs, begin to use _______ in their play
-use symbols proficiently-have difficulty thinking logically (that’s in next stage, concrete)-use pretend in their play at 2-3 yrs
6 types of play and ages, 1 ex for ea.1) S2) F3) C
1) Sensorimotor (12 mo)-grab object & put in mouth, use sense/motor skills to manipulate objects2) First pretend play (15-21mo)-Using object for intended purpose, but one char. diff from reality (absence of water)-Child could take empty cup, put to mouth, and pretend to drink3) Constructive (2 yrs)-building & constructing things, (taking blocks and stacking them)
6 types of play and ages, 1 ex for ea.4) S5) S6) R
4) Substitute pretend play (2-3 yrs)-Can transform object of object entirely, e.g. pretend a block is a truck5) Sociodramatic play-Give things roles, e.g. play family or give teddy bear role, or have imaginary friends6) Rule governed play-Children very concerned with rules of play (you’re tallest, so you HAVE to be the father)-If altered, get upset
Egocentrism (def)
Belief among young children that everyone sees and experiences the world the way they do
What Piaget task tests egocentrism?DescribeA criticism?
Three-Mountain Task!-3 mountains on table, child sits in chair and asked to describe orientation of mountains. Puppet on other side of table. Piaget asks what would the puppet see, and they find it super hard!-Criticism: Kids might no understand/interpret instructiosn clearly, what is experimenter asking?
Centration (def)animism?
Tendency for young children to think of world in terms of one variable at a timeAnimism: everything that moves is alive. Trees & leaves move, must be alive (OVEREXTENDING BITCHES)also 2 container test
Conservation (def)What 3 principles lead to understanding of conservation? Describe each
Understanding that matter can change in appearance without changing in quantity1) Identity: Object retains identity unless mass added or taken away2) Compensation: Factors b/t containers can exchange, multiple factors at a time3) Reversibility: actions can be reversed, elements can reverse to original state
(Egocentrism) Children have some ability to understand others’ perspectives it as early as??At _ or _yo, can adapt speech/play to demands of?
14.5 monthsAt 3 or 4, can adapt speech/play to demands of a companion
Average preschooler can _____ in a systemic and _______ manner
Can count in a systemic and fairly CONSISTENT manner
autobiographical memory becomes increasingly _______ throughout preschool, but events must be _______
autobiographical memory becomes increasingly accurate, but events must be salient!
what are scripts (memory), preschoolers oragnize their memory like thise.g.?
broad representations in memory of events and the ORDER in which they occure.g. sequence of expectations, social script with waiter at a restaurant
forensice developmental psychologywhy exist?
studies reliability of childrens autobiographical memories in a legal contextexists b/c children easily swayed in terms of their encoding of information!
long-term memory defshort-term memory def
long-term: relatively permanent & unlimited type of memoryshort-term: retention of information for up to 15-30 seconds without rehearsal of information.individuals can retain information longer using rehearsal
most researchers argue that working memory and short term memory aren’t _____?
interchangeable!
what is working memory (compared to short term)def?refers to?more active in ? than short-term memorye.g.?
a mental “workbench” where individuals manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, problem solving, and comprehending written and spoken languagerefers to storage of information but also the MANIPULATION of that memorymore active in modifying information than short-term memory?e.g. STM just remembering number sequence, WM memorizing and REVERSING that sequence
Multi-Component Working Memory Modelwhat is it?when is this system in place (age) and due to (why?)How does it work??
A model of memory by Baddeley, 2003System fully in place at age 6, largely due to development of hemispheric specialization during developmentYou pull info from long-term memory, hold it in the related STM storage component (above on chart) and you can manipulate it using the central executive
Multi-Component Working Memory ModelWhat are it’s fluid systems (and what does that stand for?)
Fluid systems stands for STM (duh they are changing and temporary)Visuospatial Sketchpad - Episodic Buffer - Phonological Loop
Multi-Component Working Memory ModelWhat are it’s crystallized systems (and what does that stand for?)
Crystallized systems stand for LTMVisual Semantics - Episodic LTM - Language
Multi-Component Working Memory ModelWhat are it’s three “lanes”? DOTA lolz or LoL LOLZWhich systems interact with each other (have arrows between them??)
Visual Semantics -> Visuospatial Sketchpad -> Central ExecutiveEpisodic LTM -> Episodic Buffer -> Central ExecutiveLanguage -> Phonological Loop -> Central ExecutiveCRYSTALLIZED have arrows between, NOT fluid (STM)
Multi-Component Working Memory ModelWhere is “working memory” in this model?Which two were described in class? Names and defs?
It is the interaction between the FLUID systems and the Central executiveThe interaction b/t Visuospatial Sketchpad & Central executive makes up Visual Spatial working memoryThe interaction b/t Phonological Loop & Central executive makes up the VERBAL WORKING MEMORY
Information-Processing TheoryWhat is the “lane”?What can happen at each stage?How & where does Retrieval take place?
Stimulus-> Sensory Memory –Attention–> STM –Encoding–> LTMForgetting can happen at each stageRetrieval: STM
Preschool children’s ability to control and sustain ________ is related to ______ _______?attention to ______ ________ increases through elementary & secondary school?Processing of ________ _______ decreases in adolescence?
.Preschool children’s ability to control and sustain ATTENTION is related to SCHOOL READINESS.attention to RELEVANT STIMULI school.Processing of IRRELEVANT STIMULI decreases in adolescence
Older children & adolescents better at ______ ______ from one activity to another as neededincrease in __________ linked to use of multiple electronic media, but ________ ________ reduced as result!if task is complex/challenging, _________ reduces attention to key ____
older children & adolescents better at SHIFTING ATTENTION from one activity to another as neededincrease in MULTITASKING linked to use of multiple electronic media, but SUSTAINED ATTENTION reduced as resultif task is complex/challenging, MULTITASKING reduces attention to key TASK
Sociocultural theory: stages of cognitive development-Who developed this, what was it all about?
Vygotzky, and he was really concerned about how we internalize speech which is what this is all about
Sociocultural theory: stages of cognitive development1) P name, def?2) N name, def? e.g.?
1) Primitive stage: learns primarily through conditioning until language develops2) Naive psychology stage: learns to use language to communicate, but still does not completely understand symbols (i.e. if everyone calls a table a BLURK (arbitary symbol) it’s perfectly fine as a word/communication)
Sociocultural theory: stages of cognitive development3) E name, def? e.g.4) I name, def? e.g.
3) Egocentric speech stage: uses language as a guide to solving problems (e.g. speak out loud to themselves)4) Ingrowth stage: internalization of speech routines (e.g. can speak sub-vocally)
Evaluation of Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory (3)not enough… to…?Implications for research…Theory may ignore…
Not enough evidence to support/contradict many of V.’s ideas.implications for research concerning children completing group work (zone of proximal dev., esp.!).theory may ignore important contributions of individuals to group interactions
Theory of mind?Who has trouble with this?
The ability to understand what others are thinking, their motivations. (Autism have trouble with this)
False belief task?who often fail, and succeeds (age?)
Sally and Anne. Sally has ball and puts in basket. She leavse, Anne puts it in the box. Sally’s back, where will she look for her marble?3yo often fail, 4yo can typically succeed
During preschool years, most children become more sensitive to sounds of _____ ____ and more capable of producing ___ ______ of their languagewhen children move beyond ___ _____ _______, they demonstrate knowledge of morphology rulesthey understand? e.g.
more sensitive to sounds of spoken words, and more capable of producing all sounds of their languagetwo word utterancesunderstand plural/possessive/verb endings/prepositions/articles/etreone wug, 3 WUGS, blik–>BLIKING
Language developments in preschool: (5)S (w o), V, S (f m def?), P (e.g.?), P & S s
.Syntax (growing mastery of rules for word order).Vocabulary development dramatic.Gains in semantics, fast mapping: make connection between word and it’s referent after only limited exposure.Advances in pragmatics (culturally specific rules, politeness, adapting speech to diff settings).Private & social speech
Developments in writing in preschool._____ _____ progress to being able to print letters (often invent _____ based on sounds of words they hear).______ _____ develop w/ lang. & cog. skills (_________ skills needed to be a competent writer
motor skills dev. —> printing.invent spellings based on sounds of words.writing skills dev w/ lang/cog (metacognitive skills needed to be a competent writer)
psychosocial developmenti.e….
development of understanding individual has for self within context of society as well as meaning they ascribe to behavior of othersi.e. how do people understand themselves in relation to others
What conflict do children experience between 3-6yo?describe?has strong influence on?
Initiative vs Guiltwill they take initiative and use their curiosity to explore, or are they reprimanded by teachers and caregivers?this has strong influence on identity formation
Characteristics of self-understanding in early childhood (preschoolers)-Confusion of…-Concrete…-Physical…-Active…-Unrealistic p…Do not yet compare desired c with actual c, or with _____
-Confusion of self, mind, body (use terms interchangeably)-Concrete descriptions (for selves, i am a girl, i have red shoes)-Physical descriptions (I am tall, I have red hair)-Active descriptions (describe selves by activities they like, swimming)-Unrealistic positive overestimations (see few limitations to their abilities, leads to injury)desired competence with actual competence, don’t compare with peers
The SelfEarly childhood, beginning to describe selves/perceive others in terms of ________ traits.individual diffferences in s__-______ and e_____.understanding _____ commitments (i.e. tr___)
psychological traitsindividual diffs in self-understanding & empathy (some better than otehrs right).understanding joint commitments, trust, obligations to others
@ 12-18mo, infants depend on caregivers for signals about _______ _______@ 2-3yrs, children begin to comply to caregiver’s expectations in absence of ______ ______clear limitations of S___-________ during early childhood (given a strong ______, ignore safety)
acceptable behaviorsexternal monitoringself-regulation, given a strong stimulus, ignore safety
When does gender identity emerge?When does sex-typed behavior increasehow avoid gender schemas for children?
Gender identity emerges before 2 yosex-typed behavior increases during preschool yearsencourage children to be androgynous
Gender & Peer Relations3 yrs: children prefer spending time with ____-___ playmates4-12yrs: ________ increasesfrom 5 yrs: ____ tend to associate in larger groups of friends than _____
3yrs: same-sex playmates4-12yrs: preference for same-sex playmates increases! w/ diff activities for ea. sex5yrs: boys tend to associate in larger groups of friends than girls (girls tend to have 1-3 close friends)
Playgrounds also called “____ _____”
gender school!learnign gender yo
How do mothers and fathers interact differently with children?What causes fathers to increase time spent parenting, and what makes them less likely to divorce?
Mothers more involved than fathers, through caregiving & teaching activitiesIncreased parenting and decreased risk of divorce when they have sons
Gender Socialization (just title)What are mother’s socialization strategies? (2)What are father’s socialization strategies? (2)
Mothers:-make daughters to be obedient & responsible-place restrictions on daughter’s autonomyFathers:-Pay more attention and engage in more activities with sons-More effort put forth for son’s intellectual development
EstrogensAndrogens (& most important one?)both occur..
Estrogens: sex hormones that influence female physical sex characteristics and help regulate menstrual cycleAndrogens: promote dev of male genitals and secondary sex characteristics-most important one is testosterone!Both occur in females/males in diff concentrations
Evolutionary Psych view of gender diffsWhat mating strategies did natural selection favor for males? Females?
.natural selection favored males with short-term mating strategies (violence/competition/risk-taking).natural selection favored women devoted to parenting and selected males with lotsa resources and protection for offsprng
Social role theory defWhat structural or role differences between men and women create these behavioral differences (nurture, assertiveness, power)
def: All behavioral differences between genders are a result of cultural stereotypes about the sexesdivision of labor, diff in power and status (lower for women in most cultures, control fewer resources) create these behavioral differences
Psychoanalytic theory of gender.whos theory?.develop attraction to, renounce when & why, now what?
Freud-children develop attraction to opposite-sex parent renounce it at age 5/6 b/c of anxious feelings, now identifies w/ same-sex parent and unconsciously adopts their characteristics
Social Cognitive Theory of Gender (explanation)
Children gender development occurs through observation and imitation, and rewards/punishments shape gender-appropriate behavior (conditioning)
Around what age do children begin to develop friendships?
Age 3
Types of PlayParallelOnlookerAssociativeCo-Operative
-Parallel: When they play separately but are nearby and mimic their actionsOnlooker: Doesn’t play but watchesAssociative: Plays with others but not the same activitiesCo-Operative: Playing same activity with others, usually with defined roles and requires social maturity/organization
Types of PlayWhat two types of play are reserved for older pre-schoolers?What two types of play continue through preschool and indicate that children sometimes prefer to play alone?What type of play increases with age (hint, not one of the four)
Associative & Co-operative play for older pre-schoolersParallel and Onlooker throughout preschool and for LONERS lmaoImaginative play increases with age
What do children value in their friendships?Preschoolers (2)Primary-School Children (2)Late childhood/Adolesence (4)
Preschoolers: shared toys and activitiesPrimary-School Children: Shared experiences and funLate childhood and adolescence: Friends’ traits, trust, communication, intimacy
Baumrinds Parenting Styles (graph, describe it and its two axis)
———> Levels of Demand (X)^^^^^^ Responsiveness (Y)Permissive – AuthoritativeNeglecting/Uninvolved – AuthoritarianNeglecting (lo demand, lo responsiveness)
Examples of Baumrind’s Parenting StylesPermissiveAuthoritativeNeglectfulAuthoritarian
Permissive: letting your child walk all over you with their demandsAuthoritative: Cosby (show good cosby lol not rapey cosby), they demand a lot from their kids, but they give them a lot of attention and respectNeglectful: Matilda’s parents, don’t even know her age or what she does with her timeAuthoritarian: Doesn’t give a shit about their kids but is super strict and asshole
What are the two issues with Baumrind’s parenting styles classification system?
Parents aren’t consistently in one category, interactions depend strongly on context.Big differences across cultures in childrearing practices, no style that is universally appropriate
Percentage of children that are victims of abuse? In what types of families is physical abuse prevalent?
1-2%!Those families in stressful environments, lo SES brackets
Cycle of violence hypothesis (def)stat?
Abuse & neglect that children suffers makes them do same with own kids.1/3 of kids abused/neglected abuse their own
How does childhood maltreatment affect the brain?
-Reductions in size of amygdala and hippocampus by stunting their growth. Those w/ small hippocampi responds to fear strongly and more likely to develop PTSD
What are qualities that foster resilience in people? (2)
Draw out positive characteristics in others (like nurturing)Outgoing with strong communication skills
Emotion Regulation (def)How does it develop/transition through childhood?
managing arousal to adapt to circumstances and reach goals.kids begin to not have to rely on external resources to soothe them, and shift to internal resources
Describe emotion-coaching parents, e.g.?Developmental consequences?Opposite and bad?
Ask children to articulate/label their emotions and use it as a teaching situation to coach how to deal with emotions effectivelye.g. why are you frustrated, angry? let’s talk about it and learn from itThese kids are better able to self-soothe and refulate negative affect, focus better…Opposite: emotion-dismissing parents, they deny or change negative emotions, linked to poor emotional regulation
Development of emotion (title)At what age do children increase the number of terms used to describe emotions?What do children show an increased ability to do at 4-5yo?
At 2-4 yrs, increase emotion vocab! and learn causes and consequences of emotions too4-5 years, increased ability to REFLECT on emotions, knowing that same event can elicit diff emotions in diff people
Emotional regulation is fundamental to the development of _____ _______ and is an important component of ______ ______
emotional regulation is fundamental to development of SOCIAL COMPETENCE and is an important component of EXECUTIVE FUNCTION
Moral development (def)
change in sense of right and wrong and behavior in these moral situations!
Moral Development (title)Heteronomous morality (who and def, age?)What does social learning theory say about moral development?
PiagetKids feel like rules are unchangeable and everyone must abide by them (4-7yo)Social learning theory says we learn moral dev by watching others and how they are rewarded and punished for their behaviors
When does empathy emerge in development, roughly?Hostile aggression (def)Emotional self-regulation
VERY EARLY, understanding of what another individual is feelinghostile aggression: acting to cause intentional harm to anotheremotional self-regulation: ability to adjust the quality and intensity of emotions
Instrumental AggressionRelational Aggression
Instrumental Aggression: any aggression that stems from a desire to reach a concrete goal (you’re in my way, so i justify my aggression to reach this goal, think minions video)Relational Aggression: Nonphysical, to hurt another individual emotionally (spreading rumors, gossip)
How may aggression be adaptive?How can TV and social learning result in aggression?What is a cognitive approach to aggression (weak?)
For protection of resources, if you agress to others, might be able to procure more resourcesViolent TV viewing can lead to aggression! Copy, social learning.Cognitive Approach: Looking at how the interpretation of behavior leads to anger. Aggression contingent upon interpretation of behavior of others.
