Lecture 5 - Middle Childhood

Question 1

At age 11, girls avg ___cm, boys ___cmLa premier fois…?

Answer 1

girls 144cm, boys 143cm!the first time girls taller than boys

Question 2

(educating children w/ disabilities)Canadian human rights code says ______ _______ of al students required by law

Answer 2

equal treatment!so special accommodations are law

Question 3

IPP for students with disabilities (acronym?)

Answer 3

Individualized Program Plan

Question 4

Learning disabilities (def, 3)

Answer 4

Disorders characterized by inadequate development of specific academic skills, language skills, speech skills

Question 5

What two factors important for children learning how to compensate for learning disability? Describe each.

Answer 5

1) Early Recognition.earlier recognized, earlier accommodations can be made, as plasticity is biggest early in life2) Remediation.meeting children where they are, see where they need to be, how do we get them there

Question 6

What fraction of canadians have a learning disability?

Answer 6

1/10

Question 7

(disability)Best teaching plans implement accommodations regardless of…

Answer 7

identifications. i.e. whether disability is identified or not

Question 8

ADHD.% children have it? AND….Def, (3)

Answer 8

3-7% children have it, and rate is increasing.disability where children consistently display 1/3 1) inattention (can’t attend to stimulus for long time)2) hyperactivity3) impulsivity (comb of inattention and hyperactivity)

Question 9

Why is prevalance of ADHD increasing? (3).C… during?.Lower?.More maternal…?

Answer 9

Cigarette & alcohol exposure during pregnancyLower birth weight associatedMore maternal stress during pregnancy

Question 10

Peak cortex for kids is at ___, when is it for ADHD? _ year difference?!

Answer 10

Peak cortex fitness for kids at 7, ADHD at 10! 3 year diff!

Question 11

ADHD kids increased risk of (4).Sc.(A) Pr.Su.Anti…

Answer 11

.School dropoutAdolescent Pregnancy.Substance use problems (b/c increase impulsivity!).Antisocial behavior

Question 12

% of adolescents & % adults diagnosed as children continue to experience symptoms of ADHD

Answer 12

70% of adolescents, 66% of adults

Question 13

Autism Spectrum Disorders, characterized by… (5).Problems in s i.Problems in v & n c.Rep….Sometimes a… to s e.Can be detected in children as young as?

Answer 13

.Problems in social interaction.Problems in verbal & nonverbal communication.Repetitive behaviors.Sometimes atypical responses to sensory experiences.Can be detected in children as younga s 1-3 years of age

Question 14

What brain substance thought to play a strong role in autism? Often suffer from, and quality of…What part of their brain is more densely packed than normal?

Answer 14

Melatonin! Often suffer from sleep disturbances, quality of sleep low for autistic people.Cerebellum

Question 15

How can you motivate autistic kids?

Answer 15

Use their fixation! To teach math to a kid obsessed with racecars, use them in the examples.

Question 16

What causes (2) & doesn’t cause (1) autism?Argued by Dr. Baron-Cohen that autism reflects an…?

Answer 16

Abnormal brain structure & neurotransmitters (cerebellum)Genetic factors (chromosome 16)No evidence that family socialization causes autismArgued that autism reflects an extreme male brain

Question 17

Who is Dr. Grandin? What work did she do with slaughterhouse animals?

Answer 17

Professor of Animal Science, has autism.Thinks in pictures, allowed her to take perspective of cattle through slaughter process. Altered it so cattle wouldn’t see other cattle in front of them getting killed (made them anxious)

Question 18

Piaget’s concrete operational stage-what stage (#)-describe….can now understand con.But CANNOT think…

Answer 18

.3rd stage.Children construct schemes that allow them to think LOGICALLY about objects and events in real world.can now understand conservation and no longer centration, can take multiple factors into account (aka DECENTRATION), reversibility.but cannot think abstractly!!!!

Question 19

Concrete Operations (4)1) Dec2) Re3) Ind4) Ded

Answer 19

1) Decentration: being able to take more than one variable into account (e.g. conservation, liquid in diff containers, two variables changing)2) Reversibility: physical actions/mental operations can be reversed (liquid b/t containers)3) Inductive logic: type of reasoning in which general principles inferred from specific experiences (Bill’s mom has a porsche and gets a massage every week, she is probably wealthy)4) Deductive logic: predicting a specific outcome from general principle, based on hypothetical premises (billy’s mom is wealthy, she prob stays in expensive hotels)? e.g. If sam is taller than billy & sam is shorter than roger…

Question 20

MetamemoryDual-coding

Answer 20

Thinking about memory (e.g. rehearsal, chunking), children do this more and moreDual-coding: using verbal & imagery connections to remember things?

Question 21

Don’t know if this matters…What lobe streams are involved in imagining moving images? Static images?

Answer 21

Moving: Occipital to ParietalStatic: Occipital to Temporal

Question 22

(Vygotsky)Co-operative Learning (def)Reciprocal Teaching (def)

Answer 22

Co-operative Learning: Students working in small groups to achieve a common goal (benefit from insight of others)Reciprocal Teaching: Students become the teacher in small reading groups, leading questions, summarizing and predicting (great for social learning, but hard to stay on task!)

Question 23

What two types of relationships did Vygotsky put an emphasis on to promote cognitive growth? Where should these interactions fall within?

Answer 23

Child-Adult and Child-ChildShould fall within their ZPD, Zone of Proximal Development

Question 24

(Language Dev. in Middle/Late Childhood) (4)-Children organize… in?.V incr?.advances in m a, s, & pWhat are indexing and meshing (syntax related?)

Answer 24

.Children organize mental vocabulary in new ways.Vocabulary Increase.Advances in metalinguistic awareness, syntax, & pragmatics.Indexing (understanding the main actor in a sentence, the verb, the object… index these verbal labels).Meshing (use grammar of sentence to understand what’s really going on)

Question 25

% homes bilingual in Canada? (two langs spoken).What cognitive advantages is bilingualism associated with? .Disadvantage?

Answer 25

15%.Cognitive flexibility, & greater metalinguistic awareness.Disadvantages: Smaller vocab size but attenuated later

Question 26

What did Paulo Freire say about language and education?

Answer 26

.Education either brings about conformity or freedom for people.if people not educated, power in politics completely removed

Question 27

Constructivist vs Direct Instruction approachWhat is best approach?

Answer 27

Constructivist (learner centred, guidance of teacher only, construct knowledge)Direct instruction (teacher centered, maximizes student learning time)Combination seems to be best approach!

Question 28

Teacher Accountability in Education (def/describe?)Advantages?Disadvantages?

Answer 28

How teachers assessed in performence, student sin learning, taxpayers in how their money is usedAdv: Identifies poorly performing schools, teachers, and admin (but be wary of grade inflation)Disadv: Narrow assessment of student skills, “teaching to the test”, overlooks the students gifted in other areas

Question 29

Stages of Reading (MEMORIZE?) (stage, gr. range, describe)Stage 0Stage 1Stage 2Stage 3Stage 4

Answer 29

Stage 0 (birth to gr.1).prereqs for reading are learntStage 1 (gr. 1-2).children sound out wordsStage 2 (gr. 2-3).children learn to read out lout and are typically fluentStage 3 (gr. 4-8). comprehension strong when info presented from single perspective (now reading to learn!)Stage 4 (gr. 9+).Comprehension of more complex material with multiple perspectives presented

Question 30

What is the whole-language approach to learning?What is the code-based approach to learning?Which is better?

Answer 30

Whole-language approach.reading instruction that parallels children’s natural language learning (remember gr. 4 level books?).reading integrated w/ other subjects & real-world materialsCode-based aproach.teaches basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds (helping children read phonetically)Children benefit from both approaches, but code-based should be treated as a FOUNDATION, whole-language on top

Question 31

Intelligence measures which three things?

Answer 31

-Ability to solve problems-Capacity to adapt and learn from experience-Can only be evaluated indirectly (through test?)

Question 32

Binet Tests assert that intelligence consists of what complex cognitive processes?What is “mental age”?

Answer 32

Memory, imagery, comprehension, judgmentSomeone’s mental development relative to others, an average. compared to chronological age to determine IQ (

Question 33

Intelligence QuotientIQ scores approximate a…Below what score is considered a cause for concern?

Answer 33

Mental age divided by chronological age X 100IQ scores approximate a normal distributionBelow a 70 is considered a cause for concern.

Question 34

What three IQ tests are used for children?

Answer 34

Stanford Binet (age appropriate items, test becomes progressively difficult)Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (for kids 6-16)Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (test simultaneous and sequential processing, good for other language learners and bypasses cultural biases)

Question 35

Moderate correlation b/t brain size and?Where is location of intelligence likely? But distributed neural network involving _____ and _____ lobes related to higher intelligence?

Answer 35

IntelligenceFrontal loves, highest levels of thinking in prefrontal cortexFrontal and Parietal, other lobes but lesser degreeAlso neurological speed may play a role?

Question 36

What are the two theoretical perspectives about what intelligence consists of?What theory incorporates both? By who?

Answer 36

Spearman: Intelligence broad and generalThurstone: Intelligence consists of distinct abilitiesCarroll’s hierarchical theory of intelligence! Includes general ability, “g”, broad abilities e.g. “Gc, Gf,” and narrow abilities for those, and then specific! Imagine the picture, big blob g, smaller blobs Gc, they have their own blobs narrow, and then their own further, specific! and colored. g is black.

Question 37

What are the three components of Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory? Describe briefly.Children with high levels in which area of intelligence tend to be favored in schooling?

Answer 37

Componential/Analytical Intelligence (Convergent thinking, given facts find the answer)Experiential/Creative Intelligence (Divergent thinking)Contextual/Practical Intelligence (Practical application)Analytical!

Question 38

How did Gardner come up with his theory of multiple intelligences?

Answer 38

-Research in child development-Studies of individuals with brain damage-Studies conducted among individuals with exceptional talents

Question 39

What are Gardner’s 9 types of intelligence from Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?1) Li2) Lo3) Sp4) Mu5) B-K6) Int…7) Int…8) Nat9) Ex…

Answer 39

1) Linguistic2) Logical-Mathematical3) Spatial4) Musical5) Bodily-kinesthetic (sports)6) Interpersonal (can you read others, empathy)7) Intrapersonal (can you introspect8) Naturalistic (categorize elements in your environment?)9) Existential (meaning of life)

Question 40

What did Gardner argue about education?.schools should foster….teachers should capitalize on….instruction should engage as…

Answer 40

schools should foster ALL intelligences.teachers should capitalize on the most robust intelligences of each child (what environment can we create to maximize their learning?).instruction should engage as many intelligences as possible

Question 41

In childhood, when is intelligence stable and when does it start to fluctuate? And why?

Answer 41

Stable from late infancy through preschool years (constant environment, always with parents)Intelligence scores can fluctuate dramatically across childhood years after (less constant environment, moving between school and home, peers can affect your growth, if it’s a poor school….)

Question 42

Intellectual disability (threshold def).what do they have difficulty doing?What type of education is favored over mainstreaming? def each

Answer 42

Below 70 on IQ.adapting to demands of everyday lifeInclusive education (low IQ in same class as everyone else), mainstreaming is separate streams

Question 43

IQ range of intellectual disability (IQ points)Mild–> Moderate –> Severe –> Profound

Answer 43

Mild below 70Moderate below 54Severe below 39Profound below 25

Question 44

Organic intellectual disability (def), e.g.?Cultural-familial intellectual disability

Answer 44

Genetic disorder or lower level of intelligence due to brain damage (down syndrom, fetal alcohol syndrome)Cultural-familial intellectual disability.results from growing up in a below-average intellectual environment (stunts intellect)

Question 45

Gifted (IQ) def? % of children?How are gifted children adjustment wise for their lifespan?

Answer 45

IQ of 130 or higher, 2.5% of childrenBetter than normal, though used to be thought the opposite

Question 46

What is wrong with “gifted programs” in schools

Answer 46

they only select those with intellectual superiority or academic aptitude, not art or athletic talent or others

Question 47

What are the three characteristics of gifted children?.p.march.p to…

Answer 47

.precocity (unusually developed).march to own drummer (independent).passion to master

Question 48

What are the two approaches to educating the gifted?

Answer 48

1) Acceleration (bump kids up a grade)2) Enrichment (provide children with additional activities at current grade level)

Question 49

Erikson Industry vs. Inferiority (age?) describe?.consequences of successful resolution of stage

Answer 49

Industry vs. Inferiority (age 6-12).children focus on meeting challenges presented by parents/peers/school/other factors.excel personally and professionally, higher paying jobs, higher status, more content with state of relationships

Question 50

Self-esteem (def)When does this become a salient quality in development?When is it high in development? When does it start to decline (age)? Why?

Answer 50

Self-esteem: Emotionally salient global evaluations of the selfIn middle-childhood! Increasingly compare selves to peersIt is high in middle childhood (again) but starts to decline around age 12 cause PUBERTY

Question 51

Describe Piaget’s Heteronomous & Autonomous stages.How do children transition to Autonomous?

Answer 51

Heteronomous is when children view rules as universal, and autonomous when they see them as malleable.By mutual give/take of peer relations, negotiating boundaries and rules with peers learn by experience

Question 52

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral DevelopmentLevel 1 (name)-Stage 1: name (h m)-Stage 2: name (I, i, p, e)

Answer 52

Level 1: PreconventionalStage 1: Heteronomous moralityStage 2: Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

Question 53

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral DevelopmentLevel 2 (name)-Stage 3: name (m i e, r & i c)-Stage 4: name (s s m)

Answer 53

Level 2: ConventionalStage 3: Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformityStage 4: Social systems morality.what are the laws that exist and how can you abide by those laws

Question 54

Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral DevelopmentLevel 3 (name)-Stage 5: name (m i e, r & i c)-Stage 6: name

Answer 54

Level 3: PostconventionalStage 5: Social contract or utility and individual rights.notion that an individual’s rights can transcend the lawStage 6: Universal ethical principles.what’s best for humanity

Question 55

What does Kohlberg say progression through the stages of moral development indicates?.morality is becoming….mul…

Answer 55

Morality is becoming increasingly internalized.Multiple perspectives are being able to be coordinated (i.e. your interest, peer interest, govt interest)

Question 56

What are Gilligan’s criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory? (4)1. Too much emphasis on…2. Generalizability…3. Underestimating…4. Ge….Gilligan cites? stre? diff rel?

Answer 56

1. Too much emphasis on moral THOUGHT and not enough on moral BEHAVIOR2. Generalizability across cultures is questionable .only describes developed countries. if you’re only concerned about getting food for family to survive, you prob don’t care about justice3. Underestimating role of parents in moral development4. Gender bias.Gilligan cites biological reason. Stress response diff between males and females, diff release of oxytocin (stronger in females) –> Tend & befriend response. Males stay on own or act aggressively.

Question 57

What five peer statuses do developmental researchers argue exist?1) p2) a3) n4) r5) c

Answer 57

1) Popular .many social skills that contribute to their popularity, tend to give out reinforcements, listen carefully, self-confidence w/o arrogance, control negative emotions2) Average3) Neglected (ignored).low rates of interaction w/ peers)4) Rejected (actively disliked).often severe adjustment problems compared to neglected.less likely class participation, avoid school, lonely, aggressive5) Controversial (actively liked and disliked)

Question 58

Fraction of children bullied or bullying others?Gender diffs?Children who are bullied are more likely to?Children who are bullies are more likely to?50% of bullies come from?

Answer 58

1/3!Boys more likely to be bullies than girlsBullied are more likely to experience depression, and attempt suicideBullies, more likely to be antisocial and criminal later in life 50% of bullies come from abusive homes

Question 59

Engaging in cyber aggression was related to… (3)

Answer 59

LonelinessLower self-esteemLower peer popularity

Question 60

What types of aggression to girls use vs boys?

Answer 60

Girls: relational (manipulating social relationsihps), increases in middle and late childhoodBoys: physical aggression, esp. when provoked to anger

Question 61

How long can a divorce affect children and parents?What effect?Long-term consequences?

Answer 61

6mo-2years, show signs of psychological maladjustmentChildren more likely to seek counselling later on (maybe internalize issues, judges mandate it and expose it to them earlier)

Question 62

% children under 14 living with one parent, and % family lead by women?what effects on children b/c of this?

Answer 62

18% live under one parent, 80% with mom.effects depend on economic status of parent, can be mitigated by financial support

Question 63

Describe how multi-generational families can affect development?Incidence?

Answer 63

Can be rich living experience as long as discipline is coordinated!Incidence is increasing…

Question 64

Define blended familyWhen is the transition to a blended family better

Answer 64

Remarried couples with at least one stepchild living with them.typically the transition is better with younger children