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BMSC 220 > Lecture #6 > Flashcards

Lecture #6 Flashcards

1
Q

On average, the membrane-enclosed compartments together occupy nearly ____ the volume of a cell

A

half

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2
Q

In eukaryotes, the utilization of oxygen as a means of energy extraction takes place in a specialized organelle, the _________

A

mitochondrion

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3
Q

Evidence that the nuclear genome of a eukaryotic cell evolved from an ancient _____

A

archeaon

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4
Q

Mitochondria have evolved from _______ and have retained the bacterial energy-conversion mechanisms

A

bacteria

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5
Q

______ encodes for 13 proteins and is maternally contributed

A

MtDNA

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6
Q

Size and number of mitochondria reflect the _____ requirements of the cell

A

energy

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7
Q

Mitochondria can fuse with one another – mitochondrial ______

Mitochondria can also split into two – mitochondrial ______

A

fusion, fission

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8
Q

Mitochondrial ______ is induced by contact with thin tubules from the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which can encircle the mitochondrion like a noose.

A

fission

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9
Q

The ___ _______ initiate constriction, which is then completed through the action of soluble proteins that are recruited to the outer surface of the mitochondrion from the cytosol. Drp1 assembly into _______

A

ER tubules, helices

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10
Q

________ are often associated with fatty acid-containing oil droplets from which they derive raw materials to be oxidized in order to make ATP.

A

Mitochondria

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11
Q

________ are the sites of synthesis of numerous substances, including certain amino acids and the heme groups.

A

Mitochondria

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12
Q

_________ play a vital role in the uptake and release of calcium ions, which are essential triggers for cellular activities.

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

__________ regulate events involved in cell death (which plays an enormous role in the life of all multicellular animals).

A

Mitochondria

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14
Q

The outer boundary of a mitochondrion contains:
1. ?
2. ?

A

The outer mitochondrial membrane – an outer boundary
The inner mitochondrial membrane – divided into two major domains

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15
Q

The inner mitochondrial membrane – divided into two major domains: ?

A

Inner boundary membrane domain is rich in proteins responsible for the import of mitochondrial proteins

Outer domain (lies in the interior of the organelle) is a series of invaginated membranous sheets called cristae.

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16
Q

The _______ houses the machinery needed for aerobic respiration and ATP formation

A

cristae

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17
Q

The membranes of the mitochondrion divide the organelle into two aqueous compartments: ?

A

Matrix - within the interior of the mitochondrion
Intermembrane space - second between the outer and inner membrane

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18
Q

The mitochondrial matrix contains: ?

A

Ribosomes
Several molecules of circular DNA to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins.

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19
Q

____ is composed of an adenine, a ribose, and 3 phosphate group

A

ATP

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20
Q

NAD+ is the ______ form of the molecule; NADH is the ______ form of the molecule.

A

oxidized, reduced

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21
Q

Oxidation is _______ electrons from a molecule.
Reduction is ______ electrons to a molecule.

A

removing, adding

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22
Q

Glycolysis is the first pathway used in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy. It is happening in the _______. Six-carbon ring of glucose is separated into two three-carbon sugars (______). Two ATP molecules are invested in the first half. Four ATP molecules are formed during the second half. This produces a net gain of _____ ATP molecules per molecule of glucose for the cell.

A

cytosol, pyruvate, two

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23
Q

__________ is an anaerobic process in which NAD+ is regenerated from glucose. It is happening in the _______. It happens in muscle when you have an insufficient oxygen supply. Muscle cells accomplish this by formation of ______.

A

Fermentation, cytosol, lactate

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24
Q

The first steps in ______ metabolism are carried out in (cytoplasm) glycolysis. Glycolysis produces pyruvate, NADH, and two molecules of ATP. _______ is transported across the inner membrane and decarboxylated to form _____ ____, which enters the next stage- ____ _____

A

oxidative, Pyruvate, acetyl CoA, TCA cycle

25
Q

The ____ cycle is the main source of energy for cells and an important part of _______ respiration. The cycle harnesses the available chemical energy of ______ ____ into the reducing power of NADH and FADH2

A

TCA, aerobic, acetyl CoA

26
Q

Mitochondria cannot take up all ________ NADH - Glycerol phosphate shuttle - Electrons transferred from cytosolic NADH to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) forming ______-___ which shuttles the electrons into intermembrane space where GSPDH transfers them to FAD making FADH2

A

cytoplasmic, glycerol-3P

27
Q

Coupling of H+ translocation to ATP synthesis is called _______

A

chemiosmosis

28
Q

____ molecules of ATP are formed from each pair of electrons donated by NADH; ____ molecules of ATP are formed from each pair of electrons donated by FADH2

A

Three, two

29
Q

When ATP formation is driven by energy that is released from electrons removed during substrate oxidation, the process is called ________ _________

A

oxidative phosphorylation.

30
Q

Reducing agents are ranked according to ?

A

electron‐transfer potential

31
Q

Strong oxidizing agents have a _____ affinity for electrons. Strong reducing agents have a _____ affinity for electrons.

A

high, weak

32
Q

What are the 5 types of electron carriers?

A

Flavoproteins
Cytochromes
3 Copper atoms
Ubiquinone (coenzyme Q)
Iron-Sulfur Proteins

33
Q

________ are polypeptides bound to either flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) or flavin mononucleotide (FMN). Major of the mitochondria include: NADH dehydrogenase (electron-transport chain) and Succinate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle)

A

Flavoproteins

34
Q

_________ contain heme groups bearing Fe or Cu metal ions. The iron atom of a heme undergoes reversible transition between the Fe3+ and Fe2+ oxidation states as a result of the acceptance and loss of a single electron. There are three distinct cytochrome types (a, b, and c) present in the electron-transport chain.

A

Cytochromes

35
Q

Three _____ atoms are located within a single protein complex and alternate between Cu2+/Cu3+

A

copper

36
Q

_________ (coenzyme Q) is a lipid-soluble molecule made of five-carbon isoprenoid units

A

Ubiquinone

37
Q

? : iron atoms are not located within a heme group but instead are linked to inorganic sulfide ions as part of a center. The most common centers contain either two or four atoms of iron and sulfur—designated [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-4S]—linked to the protein at cysteine residues

A

Iron‐sulfur proteins

38
Q

The carriers are arranged in order of increasingly ______ redox potential

A

positive

39
Q

The final electron acceptor is ___, which is reduced to water

A

O2

40
Q

The free energy, which is released as electrons are passed, is conserved by _________ of protons from the matrix across the inner membrane into the intermembrane space

A

translocation

41
Q

There are _____ places where electron transfer is accompanied by a major release of free energy

A

three

42
Q

Complex ___ catalyzes the transfer of a pair of electrons from NADH to ubiquinone (UQ) to form ubiquinol (UQH2).

A

I

43
Q

In Complex I, the ______ domain projects into the matrix, while the _________ portion of the complex embedded in the membrane. These portions of the complex carry out electron transfer and proton translocation.

A

hydrophilic, hydrophobic

44
Q

Complex II consists of :
____ hydrophobic subunits that anchor the protein in the membrane
____ hydrophilic subunits that comprise succinate dehydrogenase

A

two, two

45
Q

Complex ___ contains a heme group, thought to attract escaped electrons to prevent the formation of destructive superoxide radicals

A

II

46
Q

Electron transfer through complex II is/is not accompanied by proton translocation

A

is not

47
Q

Complex ___ provides a pathway for feeding lower-energy electrons from succinate to FAD to ubiquinone.
The path from FADH2 to ubiquinone takes the electrons through three iron-sulfur clusters

A

II

48
Q

Complex ___ catalyzes the transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c. ____ protons are translocated across the membrane for every pair of electrons transferred.

A

III, Four

49
Q

In Complex III, Protons are released in two separate steps:

____ protons are derived from the molecule of ubiquinol that entered the complex
___ protons are removed from the matrix and translocated as part of a second molecule of ubiquinol.

A

Two, Two

50
Q

The final step of the ETC is the successive transfer of electrons from reduced cytochrome c to ______

A

oxygen

51
Q

O2 reduction is catalyzed by Complex ___, a huge assembly of subunits known as cytochrome oxidase, a redox-driven proton pump. For every molecule of O2 reduced:
__ protons are taken up from the matrix ->
__ are consumed to form two molecules of water
__ are translocated to the intermembrane space.

A

IV, 8, 4, 4

52
Q

Concentration gradient between matrix and intermembrane space creates a __ ______ (ΔpH)

A

pH gradient

53
Q

Separation of charge across the membrane creates an _______ _______ (Ψ) (voltage)

A

electric potential

54
Q

Energy present in both components of the gradients is ? (Δp)

A

proton-motive force

55
Q

ATP synthase is a protein complex that makes ATP in the mitochondrion. Made of 2 parts: ?

A

F1, F0

56
Q

F__ particle is the catalytic subunit and contains three catalytic sites for ATP synthesis

A

1

57
Q

F__ particle attaches to the F1 and is embedded in the inner membrane. The base contains a channel through which protons are conducted from the intermembrane space to the matrix

A

0

58
Q

The proton-motive force may be used to “pull” calcium ions into the mitochondrion; to drive the events of mitochondrial ______

A

fusion

BMSC 220 (22 decks)

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