Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BMSC 220 > Lecture #3 > Flashcards

Lecture #3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four elements that constitute 99% of the total number of atoms present in the human body?

A

H, C, N, O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The atoms that make up a molecule are joined together by _____ bonds

A

covalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nitrogen and oxygen are strongly _________

A

electronegative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Presence of polarized bond determines the _______

A

reactivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bond strength is measured by the amount of energy that must be supplied to _____ it (kJ/mole).

A

break

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The higher the _______ the weaker the strength

A

distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

____ greatly reduces the strength of both ionic and hydrogen bonds by forming competing interactions with the involved molecules

A

Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ionic bonds are disrupted in water, but deep within the core of a protein, bonds can be much ______

A

stronger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_______ bears a partial positive charge when covalently bonded to an electronegative atom. This hydrogen atom can approach a second electronegative atom to form an interaction called a _______ bond.

A

Hydrogen, hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Water is important due to 4 properties: ?

A
  1. Dissolving Power
  2. Hydrogen Bonding
  3. Temperature Regulation
  4. Versatility in Physical States
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

_______ _____: this facilitates the chemical reactions necessary for life.

A

Dissolving Power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

_______ ______: It can form hydrogen bonds with each other, creating a cohesive and adhesive environment. Interactions with many polar organic molecules like amino acids and sugars. Provides stability.

A

Hydrogen Bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

_______ _______: Water’s high specific heat capacity and heat of vaporization help regulate temperature on Earth. Maintain a stable environment for living organisms.

A

Temperature Regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

? : Three physical states (solid, liquid, and gas) under normal terrestrial conditions. This allows it to function effectively as a solvent and participate in various biological processes.

A

Versatility in Physical States

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

_____ release protons; ______ accept protons

A

Acids, bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

______ molecules can act as either acids or bases

A

Amphoteric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The chemistry of life centers around the chemistry of the ______ atom.

A

carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

______ _____ often behave as a unit and give organic molecules their physical properties, chemical reactivity, and solubility in aqueous solution

A

Functional groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Organic molecules found in cells can be divided into categories based on their role in ________

A

metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Macromolecules can be divided into four major categories: ?

A

proteins
nucleic acids
polysaccharides
certain lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 4 building blocks of the cell: ?

A

sugars
Fatty acids
amino acids
nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Most cell macromolecules are _____-lived, except DNA, and are continually broken down and replaced

A

short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

______ (or glycans) include simple ________ (or monosaccharides) and all larger molecules constructed of sugar building blocks

A

Carbohydrates, sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

_________ function primarily as stores of chemical energy (main source of quick energy) and as materials for biological construction

A

Carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Sugars tend to be highly water soluble due to their ______ groups

A

hydroxyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A ______ molecule has a backbone of carbon atoms linked together in a linear array by single bonds

A

sugar

27
Q

Covalent bonds joining sugar together is called ________ (-C-O-C).

A

glycosidic

28
Q

Molecules composed of only two sugar units are ________ and serve primarily as readily available energy stores.

A

disaccharides

29
Q

___________: identical sugar monomers but dramatically different properties

A

Polysaccharides

30
Q

_______ are polymers of sugars joined by glycosidic bonds.

A

Polysaccharides

31
Q

________ is an animal product made of branched glucose polymers.

A

Glycogen

32
Q

______ is a plant product made of both branched and unbranched glucose polymers.

A

Starch

33
Q

______ dissolve in organic solvents, not water

A

Lipids

34
Q

Important cellular lipids include _____, ______, and ________

A

fats, steroids, phospholipids

35
Q

_____ _____ are long unbranched hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group (COOH) at one end.

A

Fatty acids

36
Q

Lipids are stored as an energy reserve through an _____ linkage to glycerol to form triacylglycerols, also known as triglycerides (fats).

A

ester

37
Q

Fatty acids that lack double bonds are _______, and those with double bonds are _________.

A

saturated, unsaturated

38
Q

________ ones can be tightly packed together. Solid above room temperature. For the __________, their structure prevents packing. Liquid at room temperature.

A

Saturated, unsaturated

39
Q

______ are built around a four‐ringed hydrocarbon skeleton

A

Steroids

40
Q

__________ is found in animal cell membranes and is a precursor of the steroid hormones testosterone, progesterone, and estrogen.

A

Cholesterol

41
Q

A _________ molecule resembles a fat but has only two fatty acid chains not three (a diacylglycerol). The third _________ of glycerol is bonded to a phosphate group.

A

phospholipid, hydroxyl

42
Q

All _____ _____ have a carboxyl and an amino group, separated by a single carbon atom, the α‐carbon

A

amino acids

43
Q

The ____ _____ or R group, bonded to the α‐carbon, is highly variable among the 20 building blocks, which gives proteins their diverse structures and activities

A

side chain

44
Q

________ has a thiol group (SH) in his side chain.

A

Cysteine

45
Q

Sulfur atoms lose electrons (oxidation) and form a covalent bond, resulting in the formation of a ______ bond (-S-S-) between the two cysteine residues

A

disulfide

46
Q

________ structure is the amino acid sequence of a protein, whereas the latter three levels give rise to higher-level organization.

A

Primary

47
Q

_________ interactions are a driving force during protein folding and contribute substantially to the overall stability of the protein

A

Hydrophobic

48
Q

The ________ structure of a polypeptide is the linear sequence of amino acids that constitute the chain

A

primary

49
Q

? results solely from a single change (glutamic acid to valine) in amino acid sequence within the hemoglobin molecule

A

Sickle cell anemia

50
Q

__________ structure describes the conformation of portions of the polypeptide backbone chain (excluding the side chain).

A

Secondary

51
Q

Secondary structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between different parts of the polypeptide chain. Form a cylindrical, twisting spiral called an ?, or ?

A

alpha (α) helix, beta (β) sheet

52
Q

________ structure describes the conformation of portions of the polypeptide chain. ________ structure describes the 3D conformation of the entire polypeptide.

A

Secondary, Tertiary

53
Q

_____ are misfolded proteins that have the ability to transmit their misfolded shape onto normal variants of the same protein.

A

Prions

54
Q

Most proteins are categorized by shape as either _______ proteins, which are elongated, or ________ proteins, which are compact

A

fibrous, globular

55
Q

Interactions and enzymatic activity of a protein are deduced from the ______ structure

A

tertiary

56
Q

_______ are the fundamental units of tertiary structure, each domain containing an individual hydrophobic core built from secondary structural units connected by ____ regions

A

Domains, loop

57
Q

Protein domains are often identified with a ______ function.

A

specific

58
Q

Proteins composed of subunits (here called monomer) are said to have ________ structure

A

quaternary

59
Q

Different proteins can become physically associated to form a much larger _______ complex

A

multiprotein

60
Q

The unfolding of a protein is termed ________, and it can be brought about by detergents, organic solvents, radiation, heat, and compounds such as urea.

A

denaturation

61
Q

“_____ ______”, or ______ _____, bind to short stretches of hydrophobic amino acids to help unfolded proteins achieve their proper 3D conformation.

A

Helper proteins, molecular chaperones

62
Q

The entire inventory of proteins that is produced by an organism is known as that organism’s _________ and is also applied to the inventory of all proteins that are present in a particular tissue, cell, or cellular organelle

A

proteome

63
Q

The ______ are adenine (A) and guanine (G). The ______ are cytosine (C), thymine (T) and uracil (U).

A

purines, pyrimidines

64
Q

RNA may have ______ activity; such RNA enzymes are called ribozymes.

A

catalytic

BMSC 220 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions