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BMSC 220 > Lecture #20 > Flashcards

Lecture #20 Flashcards

1
Q

The pattern of ______ removal can allow for multiple protein products from the same gene from alternative splicing.

A

intron

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2
Q

Alternative splicing allows different combinations of ______ in the final mRNA product

A

exons

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3
Q

The particular ______ pathway that is followed may depend on the stage of development, cell, or tissue type.

A

splicing

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4
Q

The ______ gene encodes a family of cell-adhesion molecules that function in axon guidance during early neuronal development in fruit flies. This gene consists of 24 exons but includes multiple alternative versions of exons 4, 6, 9, and 17 leading to 38,106 different cell-adhesion molecules.

A

Dscam

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5
Q

______ splicing enhancers serve as binding sites for regulatory proteins

A

Exonic

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6
Q

Specific nucleotides can be converted to other nucleotides through ______ _______

A

mRNA editing

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7
Q

____ ______ can create new splice sites, generate stop codons, or lead to amino acid substitutions

A

RNA editing

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8
Q

A typical eukaryotic non-dividing nucleus in housed by an envelope and contains:
- Chromosomes as extended fibers of ________.
- ______ for rRNA synthesis.
- ________ as the fluid where solutes are dissolved.
- The _____ _____, which is the protein-containing fibrillar network.

A

chromatin, Nucleoli, Nucleoplasm, nuclear matrix

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9
Q

Two membranes separated by a _______ space; and membranes are fused at sites forming nuclear _____.

A

nuclear, pores

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10
Q

Inner surface of the nuclear envelope is lined by the ______ ______ and it contains around 60 distinct transmembrane proteins.

A

nuclear lamina

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11
Q

The ______ _____ supports the nuclear envelope and is composed of lamins. Its integrity is regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of _______ _______

A

nuclear lamina, intermediate filaments

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12
Q

The nuclear envelope is the ______ between the nucleus and cytoplasm, and nuclear pores are the gateways.

A

barrier

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13
Q

Proteins synthesized in the _______ and transported across the nuclear envelope. mRNAs, tRNAs, and ribosomal subunits are manufactured in the nucleus and transported to the ________.

A

cytoplasm, cytoplasm

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14
Q

The ? is a doughnut-shaped structure that straddles the nuclear envelope, projecting into both the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm; and is composed of ~30 proteins called ________

A

Nuclear Pore Complex (NPC), nucleoporins

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15
Q

The _____ is not static, as many of its proteins are replaced over a period of seconds to minutes. It is a huge complex (15–30X mass of a ribosome) that exhibits octagonal symmetry.

A

NPC

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16
Q

Cytoplasmic proteins are targeted for the nucleus by the ? (NLS) (+ charged aa)

A

nuclear localization signal

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17
Q

Transport receptors include:
- ______ to move molecules from the cytoplasm into the nucleus.
- ______ to move molecules in the opposite direction.

A

importins, exportins

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18
Q

mRNAs, rRNAs, snoRNAs, miRNAs, and tRNAs are synthesized in the nucleus and function in the cytoplasm or are modified in the cytoplasm and return to function in the _______. These RNAs move through the NPC as ___________(RNPs).

A

nucleus, ribonucleoproteins

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19
Q

Only mature, fully processed mRNAs are capable of nuclear export, as an mRNA with an unspliced _______ is retained in the nucleus.

A

intron

20
Q

3 main aspects of translational control: ?

A

localization of mRNAs, controlling whether or not a mRNA is translated and how often, controlling the half-life of the mRNA.

21
Q

Translational control operates through interactions between specific mRNAs and various proteins/microRNAs present within the _________.

A

cytoplasm

22
Q

UTRs contain nucleotide sequences used by the cell to mediate ________ control

A

translational

23
Q

Iron concentrations ____ → iron regulatory protein (IRP) binds to the iron-response element (IRE) -→ ______ translation.

A

low, prevent

24
Q

Iron becomes ______ → it binds to the IRP → changing its conformation and causing it to _______ from the IRE → allowing the translation of the mRNA to form ferritin

A

available, dissociate

25
Q

mRNA produced during fruit fly oogenesis:
______ mRNA localized in anterior end cytoplasm.
______ mRNA localized in posterior end cytoplasm.

A

bicoid, oskar

26
Q

Around ___% of all mRNAs are localized in specific regions.

A

70

27
Q

The lifetimes of eukaryotic mRNA vary ______

A

widely

28
Q

The poly(A) tail length may influence the ______ of mRNA. As an mRNA remains in the cytoplasm, its poly(A) tail tends to be ______.

A

longevity, reduced

29
Q

Typical mRNA leaving the nucleus, around 200 adenosine residues. Effect on mRNA stability is observed when the tail is reduced to around ____ A residues

A

30

30
Q

Certain destabilizing proteins in the 3’ UTR may affect the ____ of poly(A) tail shortening

A

rate

31
Q

Short-lived mRNA 3’ UTRs have AU-____ regions

A

rich

32
Q

Deadenylation, decapping, and 5’→ 3’ degradation occur within small transient cytoplasmic granules (__-_____)

A

P-bodies

33
Q

P-bodies can also serve to store mRNAs for later _______

A

translation

34
Q

Double-stranded RNA is very effective in ______ gene expression

A

stopping

35
Q

Phenomenon known as RNA ________ (RNAi)

A

interference

36
Q

siRNA – small antisense effectors of RNA _________

A

silencing

37
Q

Dicer and Argonaute involved for ________ the RNAi.

A

maturing

38
Q

Drug development: Instead of making a small chemical that inhibits a target enzyme by binding in its active site, one could potentially get the same result by using ______ to target the gene encoding the enzyme.

A

RNAi

39
Q

miRNAs – regulatory roles in development:
- Patterning of the ______ system
- Control of cell __________ and death.
- Leaf and flower development in ______.

A

nervous, proliferation, plants

40
Q

miRNAs act by binding to site in the ___ UTR of their target mRNAs

A

3’

41
Q

miRNAs suppress gene expression by:
- promoting deadenylation and ________.
- inhibiting the initiation of __________.
- inhibiting ________.
- possibly activating degradation of nascent _______.

A

degradation, translation, elongation, peptides

42
Q

________ stability may be determined by the amino acids on the N-terminus

A

Protein

43
Q

Degradation of proteins is carried out within hollow, cylindrical __________

A

proteasomes

44
Q

Proteasomes recognize proteins linked to _______

A

ubiquitin

45
Q

Ubiquitin is transferred by ______ _____ to proteins being degraded

A

ubiquitin ligases

46
Q

Once polyubiquitinated, a protein is recognized by the ____ of the proteasome

A

cap

47
Q

Once degraded, the component amino acids are released back into the _______

A

cytosol

BMSC 220 (22 decks)

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