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BMSC 220 > Lecture #19 > Flashcards

Lecture #19 Flashcards

1
Q

________ genomes – circular, double-stranded

A

Prokaryotic

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2
Q

Genes involved in the same biological process are often grouped together to allow _______ regulation of the entire group. Because of this arrangement, the start and stop of transcription and translation are _______ regulated

A

coordinate, precisely

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3
Q

Bacterial cells _______ express genes to use available resources efficiently

A

selectively

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4
Q

Operons control:
- Use of the sugar ______ via β- galactosidase synthesis.
- Regulation of _______ levels via repression of the genes that encode enzymes for tryptophan synthesis

A

lactose, tryptophan

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5
Q

An ______ is a functional complex of genes containing the information for enzymes of a metabolic pathway

A

operon

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5
Q

An operon includes:
1. _______ genes - code for the enzymes.
2. ________ – where the RNA polymerase binds.
3. ________ – site next to promoter where the regulatory protein can bind.
4. _______ - which binds to a specific DNA sequence to determine whether or not a particular gene is transcribed. RNA polymerase is unable to bind to the promoter if the repressor is bound.
5. ________ gene - encodes the repressor protein

A

Structural, Promoter, Operator, repressor, regulatory

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5
Q

In a ________ _____, the repressor cannot bind to the operator DNA unless it is complexed with a specific factor that functions as a corepressor (here trp)

A

repressible operon

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6
Q

Absence of _______ → RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and transcribes genes of the trp operon

A

tryptophan

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7
Q

Increased concentrations of ________ leads to the formation of the tryptophan–repressor complex → binds to the operator and blocks transcription

A

tryptophan

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8
Q

The lac operon is an _____ operon, which is turned on in the presence of lactose (_______)

A

inducible, inducer

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9
Q

________ binds to the repressor, changing its conformation and making it unable to bind to the operator

A

Lactose

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10
Q

A ________ protein can bind to the operator and prevent transcription in the absence of lactose

A

repressor

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11
Q

Genes are turned on and off as a result of interaction with _________ proteins. Each cell type contains a ________ set of proteins.

A

regulatory, unique

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12
Q

Regulation of gene expression occurs on four levels: ?

A

Transcriptional control
Processing control
Translational control
Posttranslational control

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13
Q

_________ _________ is the mechanism by which eukaryotic cells determine which proteins are synthesized

A

Differential transcription

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14
Q

Differential gene expression is found in various conditions:
Cells at different stages of _______ development.
Cells in different _______.
Cells that are exposed to different types of ______.

A

embryonic, tissues, stimuli

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15
Q

_____ _______ can monitor the expression of thousands of genes simultaneously

A

DNA microarrays

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16
Q

_________ fragments of DNA are hybridized with fluorescent cDNAs. Genes that are expressed show up as __________ spots on immobilized genes

A

Immobilized, fluorescent

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17
Q

DNA microarrays are used to study changes in gene expression that occur during events like cell _______ and the transformation of a normal cell into a _______ cell

A

division, malignant

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18
Q

It is possible to study the diversity of RNAs being produced by a single tumor cell, once the cDNAs are amplified by _____

A

PCR

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19
Q

DNA microarrays and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of small fragments of cDNAs derived from RNA can facilitate the diagnosis and treatment of human _______

A

diseases

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20
Q

Personalized medicine in the future will be reliant upon ________ profiling for diagnosis, treatment plan, and monitoring the effectiveness of the treatment

A

transcription

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21
Q

_______ is one of the key enzymes of gluconeogenesis, the metabolic pathway that converts pyruvate to glucose

A

PEPCK

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22
Q

Various hormones that affect the expression of the ______ gene and act by means of specific transcription factors that bind to the DNA

A

PEPCK

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23
Q

PEPCK is a key enzyme controlled by a variety of transcription factors called ________ ______ (short sequences of DNA within a gene promoter or enhancer region that are able to bind specific transcription factors and regulate transcription of genes).

A

response elements

24
Q

The __________ receptor (GR) is a nuclear receptor that includes a ligand-binding domain and a DNA-binding transcription factor

A

glucocorticoid

25
Q

The GR binds to a ? (GRE), which is a palindrome (when two DNA strands have the same 5’ to 3’ sequence)

A

glucocorticoid response element

26
Q

The TATA box regulates the _______ of transcription.

A

initiation

27
Q

The _____ promoter, from the TATA box to the start, is where the initiation complex assembles

A

core

28
Q

The CAAT and the GC box are upstream and are required for _______

A

initiation

29
Q

________ _______ allow genes to be transcribed at more than one site. Used in different tissues.

A

Alternative promoters

30
Q

________ _______: deletion of part of a gene’s promoter to determine what trigger transcription.

A

Deletion mapping

31
Q

____ _________: a TF binding to DNA protects it from enzyme digestion. Chromatin treated with DNA-digesting enzymes will destroy everything except where the TF bound DNA. Removal of the TF and sequencing

A

DNA footprinting

32
Q

?: a tool for identifying protein–DNA interaction sites on a genomic scale. Chip seq is one method

A

Genome-wide location analysis

33
Q

? (ChIP) is an example of genome-wide location analysis that allows simultaneous monitoring of all the sites within the genome that bind a given transcription factor

A

Chromatin immuno-precipitation

34
Q

________ are DNA elements that stimulate transcription

A

Enhancers

35
Q

A promoter and its enhancers can be “cordoned off” from other elements by sequences called _________

A

insulators

36
Q

A transcriptional activator bound to an enhancer can stimulate transcription through _________.

A

coactivators

37
Q

_________ can alter chromatin structure, modifying histones to regulate transcription

A

Coactivators

38
Q

Acetyl groups are added to lysine residues on the core histones by _______ ________ (HATs)

A

histone acetyltransferases

39
Q

Adding acetyl groups to histone residues tends to ________ access to DNA template and promotes transcriptional activation

A

increase

40
Q

Histone modifications can show you the transcribed ________ regions

A

chromatin

41
Q

? use energy from ATP hydrolysis to alter nucleosome structure and location along the DNA

A

Chromatin remodeling complexes

42
Q

Chromatin remodeling complexes are recruited to specific promoters by either ________ marks present on nucleosomal histones or other _______ bound to the DNA

A

epigenetic, proteins

43
Q

Once recruited chromatin remodeling complexes are thought to disrupt _______–DNA interactions

A

histone

44
Q

Disruption of histone–DNA interactions can:
- Promote the _______ of the histone octamer so that it slides along the DNA to new positions.
- Change the ________ of the nucleosome.
- Facilitate the _________ within the histone octamer of a standard core histone by a histone variant correlated with active transcription.
- ________ the histone octamer from the DNA entirely.

A

mobility, conformation, replacement, Remove

45
Q

In yeast:
- ________are well positioned (no random localization).
- _______ sequences reside within nucleosome-free regions (NFRs).
- The NFR allows access by _______ factors to these target sites in the DNA.
- The −1 nucleosome undergoes the most extensive modifications upon _________ activation.

A

Nucleosomes, Promoter, regulatory, transcriptional

46
Q

RNA __________ are also bound to the promoters of many genes that show no evidence they are being transcribed

A

polymerases

47
Q

The polymerase may initiate transcription but may be paused at the ________ stage of transcription

A

elongation

48
Q

RNA polymerases situated _______ of promoters may be held in the paused state by bound inhibitory factors (e.g., DSIF and NELF)

A

downstream

49
Q

The induced release of paused polymerases may facilitate the ______ activation of genes in response to developmental or environmental signals

A

rapid

50
Q

______ ______ (HDACs) remove acetyl groups and repress transcription.

A

Histone deacetylases

51
Q

HDACs are subunits of larger complexes acting as _________. Recruited to specific gene loci by transcription factors and cause gene _______

A

corepressors, silencing

52
Q

HDAC inhibitors – ________ drugs

A

anticancer

53
Q

DNA methylation carried out by DNA methyl-transferases to silence ________ in eukaryotic cells.

A

transcription

54
Q

Methylation patterns of gene regulatory regions change during cellular _________

A

differentiation

55
Q

Activity of certain genes varies according to changes in DNA ________

A

methylation

56
Q

Activity of certain genes, called ________ genes, depends on whether they originated with the sperm or egg. Active and inactive versions of imprinted genes differ in their __________ patterns

A

imprinted, methylation

57
Q

It is estimated that the mammalian genome contains at least 80 ________ genes located primarily in several distinct chromosomal clusters

A

imprinted

58
Q

Disturbances in ________ patterns have been implicated in a number of rare human genetic disorders.

A

imprinting

59
Q

? (lncRNAs) can be involved in genomic imprinting and X chromosome inactivation; most are associated with gene repression

A

Long noncoding RNAs

BMSC 220 (22 decks)

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