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Neuroanatomy > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Maintain homeostasis

- Respond to emergencies

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2
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic NS?

A

Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

Sympathetic (fight or flight)

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3
Q

What what type of motor neurons are part of the ANS?

A

INVOLUNTARY motor neurons

cardiac and smooth muscle

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4
Q

What type of sensory neurons are part of the ANS?

A

Viscerosensory

visceral afferent

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5
Q

Where do ANS preganglionic neurons stem from?

A

Lateral horn of the spinal cord

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6
Q

Where do pre and post-ganglionic neurons meet (synapse)?

A

In autonomic ganglion which are dorsal root ganglia (sympathetic ganglia and parasympathetic ganglia)

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7
Q

Are pre-ganglionic neurons myelinated?

A

YES

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8
Q

Are post-ganglionic neurons myelinated?

A

NO

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9
Q

What do sympathetic neurons innervate?

A

Nearly all body regions, if they do not directly innervate a structure, they can have an indirect effect on that organ by increasing or decreasing blood flow to it

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10
Q

Sympathetic neurons innervate smooth muscle in the walls of _____ and ______

A

arteries and veins

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11
Q

What is the overall effect of sympathetic neurons?

A

Generalized vasoconstriction

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12
Q

What are some specific effects of the sympathetic NS?

A
  • Increased HR and contraction strength
  • Increased diameter of bronchi and RR
  • Increased BP
  • Decreased digestive functions (peristalsis, enzyme secretion)
  • Decreased renal function
  • Pupillary dilation
  • Sweating
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13
Q

Are parasympathetic neurons more or less specific than sympathetic?

A

More specific!!!

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14
Q

What do parasympathetic neurons NOT innervate?

A

Blood vessels

*Except vessels serving the genitals where they can produce vasodilation

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15
Q

What are some specific effects of the parasympathetic NS?

A
  • Decreased HR and contraction strength
  • Decreased diameter of bronchi and RR
  • Increased digestive function
  • Pupillary constriction and lens accommodation
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16
Q

Where on the spinal cord do sympathetic neurons come from?

A
  • T1-T12
  • L1-L2
  • This is all continuous (thoracic and lumbar)
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17
Q

Where on the spinal cord do parasympathetic neurons come from?

A
  • Brainstem

- S2-S4 (puedendal nerve)

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18
Q

What is an example of structure that has dual innervation and what does this mean?

A

Pupil of the eye

-Innervated by both parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves that act in opposition to one another

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19
Q

What is an example of a structure that is only innervated by sympathetic neurons?

A

Blood vessels

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20
Q

When vasoconstriction is needed sympathetic stimulation ______

A

Increases

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21
Q

When vasodilation is needed sympathetic stimulation _____

A

Decreases

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22
Q

Where are sympathetic ganglia (where pre and post ganglionic fibers meet and synapse) located?

A
  • Sympathetic trunk

- Pre-aortic sympathetic ganglia

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23
Q

Where do sympathetic neurons that go to the head synapse and what do they follow to get there?

A

Cervical sympathetic trunk and they follow branches of the common carotid artery

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24
Q

What structures of the head are innervated by sympathetic nerves?

A
  • Pupils (dilation)
  • Walls of blood vessels (vasoconstriction)
  • Salivary glands (inhibits saliva, dry mouth)
25
Q

What ganglion supplies the head?

A

Superior cervical ganglion

26
Q

How do sympathetic neurons innervate thoracic organs?

A

Sympathetic neurons contribute axons to two nerve plexuses that innervate thoracic organs:

  • Cardiac plexus (heart)
  • Pulmonary plexus (bronchiole smooth muscle)
27
Q

How do sympathetic neurons innervate abdominal and pelvic organs?

A

They travel directly to the abdomen forming splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser, least) which then innervate blood vessels

28
Q

What plexuses do splanchnic nerves form?

A
  • Celiac plexus
  • Superior mesenteric plexus
  • Inferior mesenteric plexus
  • Renal plexuses
29
Q

What activates the release of epinephrine?

A

Sympathetic neurons activate the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine into the blood (this magnifies the effect of sympathetic stimulation)

30
Q

Sympathetic fibers from the sympathetic trunk connect to all ________

A

Spinal nerves (C1-S5) ALL NERVES FROM SPINAL CORD

31
Q

Sympathetic neurons travel with spinal nerves to innervate limbs and body wall structures….what are these actions

A
  • Blood vessels to skin (vasoconstriction)
  • Blood vessels to skeletal muscle (vasodilation)
  • Sweat glands (sweating)
  • Erector pili muscles (hair stands on end)
32
Q

Every spinal nerve contains some _____ _______

A

Sympathetic fibers

33
Q

Where are parasympathetic preganglionic neurons located?

A

Brain stem and S2-4

34
Q

What four cranial nerves are parasympathetics part of?

A

3 - oculomotor
7 - facial
9 - glossopharyngeal
10 - vagus

35
Q

Parasympathetics to the head are which cranial nerves?

A

3 - oculomotor = ciliary muscle, muscle of the lens
7 - facial = lacrimal gland, salivary glad
9 - glossopharyngeal = parotid gland

36
Q

Parasympathetics to the thorax and abdomen are which cranial nerves?

A

10 - vagus = heart, bronchi, GI tract

37
Q

What neurotransmitters do sympathetics use?

A
  • Acetylocholine (Ach)

- Norepinephrine (NE)

38
Q

What neurotransmitters do parasympathetics use?

A

ONLY acetylocholine

39
Q

What neurotransmitters are andrenergic?

A

Norepinephrine (alpha and beta)

40
Q

What neurotransmitters are cholergenic?

A

Acetylcholine

41
Q

What are the 3 adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha, Beta 1 and Beta 2

42
Q

Where are alpha receptors located?

A
  • Walls of arterioles (vasoconstriction)
  • GI tract (decrease GI motility)
  • Bladder (decreased urination)
43
Q

Where are beta-1 receptors located?

A
  • Kidney (increased renin secretion, causes increased BP)

- Heart (increases contractility, cardiac output)

44
Q

Where are beta-2 receptors located?

A
  • Bronchioles (dilate)

- Liver/pancreas (increase BG)

45
Q

Where do central autonomic fibers begin?

A

Hypothalamus

46
Q

What do central autonomic fibers connect?

A

The brain to the autonomic NS (regulates ANS)

47
Q

Where are central autonomic fibers located?

A

White matter of the spinal cord

48
Q

What happens in there is damage to the central autonomic fibers?

A

Lose connection between brain and ANS this is called Autonomic Dysreflexia

49
Q

What can a person with autonomic dysreflexia not do?

A
  • Sweat in response to heat
  • Shiver in response to cold
  • Regulate blood pressure in response to position
50
Q

Where do viscerosensory neurons provide sensation from?

A

Internal organs

51
Q

How do viscerosensory neurons connect to the brain?

A

Via spinal cord

52
Q

Is the location of pain from viscerosensory neurons diffuse or precise?

A

Diffuse!! Vague!!

53
Q

What else do viscerosensory neurons effect?

A

Connect to brainstem centers for responses like sweating or nausea (in response to pain)

54
Q

What are the types of visceral afferent neurons?

A
  • Baroreceptors
  • Chemoreceptors
  • Nocioceptors
55
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A
  • Detect stretch
  • Carotid sinus
  • Bladder wall
  • GI tract
56
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located?

A
  • Detect chemicals (CO2, O2)
  • Carotid body
  • Medulla
57
Q

Where are nociceptors located?

A
  • Detect pain, inflammation, extreme stretching, ischemia

- Located everywhere except the brain

58
Q

Connect to autonomic motor neurons which is =

A

Visceral reflex

59
Q

What is autonomic neuropathy?

A

Damage to autonomic nerves (most often caused by diabetes)

Neuroanatomy (9 decks)

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