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Neuroanatomy > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the best place to obtain a sample of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Subarachnoid space, lumbar region

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2
Q

How much CSF is produced a day?

A

120 mL

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3
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

Ventricles

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4
Q

What kind of cells produce CSF?

A

Ependymal cells

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5
Q

Where does CSF drain into?

A

Dural sinuses and dural lymph vessels

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6
Q

What is the function of CSF?

A

Provides watery protective cushion for CNS, absorbs neuron metabolites during sleep

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7
Q

What is it called if the ventricles fill with CSF because of a blockage somewhere?

A

Hydrocephalus (big head in a baby)

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8
Q

Want ______ and _______ of CSF to match

A

Production and Drainage

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9
Q

Ventricle should be _______

A

Symmetrical

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10
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

-Wrinkly structure found inside the brain ventricles

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11
Q

What is the choroid plexus composed of?

A

Ependymal cells (produces CSF)

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12
Q

What does the cerebral aqueduct conect?

A

The 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle

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13
Q

What is the flow of CSF through the ventricles?

A

L/R Lateral ventricles –> 3rd ventricle –> cerebral aqueduct –> 4th ventricle –> subarachnoid space –> dural sinuses

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14
Q

What are the 6 stages of the developmental process?

A
  1. Mitosis
  2. Migration
  3. Differentiation
  4. Synaptogenesis
  5. Apoptosis
  6. Myelination
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15
Q

In the mitosis stage, when do neurons stop dividing?

A

In the 5th prenatal month

*The only place neurons continue dividing throughout life is the olfactory bulb and hippocampus

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16
Q

In the mitosis stage, what do neuroblasts (immature cells) divide into?

A

Neurons or glial cells

17
Q

What happens during the migration stage?

A

Neurons move to their correct locations

18
Q

When does migration end?

A

by the 7th prenatal month

19
Q

What can happen if neurons migrate to the wrong location?

A

Heterotopia (seizures)

20
Q

What is differentiation based on?

A

Neuron location

21
Q

When does differentiation occur?

A

Pre-natal

22
Q

What is synaptogenesis and what does it require?

A

Synapse formation, requires gene expression

23
Q

When does synaptogenesis occur?

A

Pre-natal to death

24
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Programed cell death

*Neurons that don’t form synapses are removed

25
Q

When does myelination begin and when is it completed?

A

Begins: 4th pre-natal month (most by age 3)
Ends: early 20s (reigns in impulsive behaviors)

26
Q

What increases myelination?

A

Stimulation of neurons

27
Q

Which 3 stages are involved in neural plasticity?

A

Synaptogenesis, apoptosis, and myelination

28
Q

What neuron types are seen in peripheral nerves?

A
  1. Voluntary motor neurons (skeletal muscle)
  2. Somatosensory neurons (skin, muscle, sub Q tissue)
  3. Autonomic neurons (smooth and cardiac muscle)
29
Q

What are the three peripheral nerve plexuses?

A
  1. Cervical plexus (C1-C4): innervates neck and diaphragm
  2. Brachial plexus (C5-T1): innervates UE
  3. Lumbosacral plexus (L1-S5): innervates LE and pelvic floor
30
Q

A typical peripheral nerve contains ______ (amount) of axons

A

Thousands

31
Q

What is every axon (myelinated or unmyelinated) surrounded by?

A

Endoneurium (thin sheath of connective tissue)

32
Q

Where is the endoneurium located in relation to the myelin sheath?

A

Endoneurium is external to the myelin sheath

33
Q

What is a fasicle?

A

Cluster of axons

34
Q

What is each fasicle surrounded by?

A

Perineurium (sheath of connective tissue)

35
Q

What is the entire peripheral nerve surrounded by?

A

Epineurium (somewhat thicker sheath of connective tissue)

36
Q

What increases blood flow to axons and fluid flow within axons?

A

Movement

37
Q

In an injured peripheral nerve, what happens first motor loss or loss of sensation?

A

Loss of sensation

38
Q

At what rate to axons regenerate in a peripheral nerve?

A

1 in/month

39
Q

What helps guide axons regrowth?

A

Schwann cells –> they secrete growth factor that forms tunnels to guide axons

Neuroanatomy (9 decks)

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