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Neuroanatomy > Exam 2 Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the spinal cord connect?

A

Brain to the body and the body to the brain

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2
Q

What vertebrae does the spinal cord end at?

A

L1-L2

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3
Q

Where is the spinal cord located?

A
  • Within the vertebral foramen (canal)
  • Posterior to the vertebral bodies
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4
Q

Which nervous system is the spinal cord part of and what does this mean for regeneration?

A

Central Nervous System
-If injured, it CANNOT regenerate

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5
Q

What are the two “enlargements” of the spinal cord?

A
  • Cervical region (contains the cervical plexus)
  • Lumbar region (contains the lumbar plexus)
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6
Q

What is different in regards to the length of the spinal cord in young children vs adults?

A
  • In young children, the spinal cord extends from C1 to nearly the bottom of the sacrum
  • As the child grows, the vertebral column grows proportionally more than the spinal cord so the cord is “pulled up” to the adult position
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7
Q

Which direction does the spinal cord taper and what is this called?

A
  • Tapers inferiorly
  • Conus medullaris
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8
Q

What is the role of the Filum Terminale?

A

Anchors the spinal cord to the sacrum

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9
Q

What does a child with a “tethered cord” have?

A

Scar tissue preventing the spinal cord from moving superiorly

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10
Q

What are the four sections of the spinal cord?

A
  • Cervical
  • Thoracic
  • Lumbar
  • Sacral
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11
Q

How many spinal cord segments and vertebrae does the cervical region have?

A
  • Spinal cord segments - 8
  • Vertebrae - 7
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12
Q

How many total spinal cord segments are there and how many are in each region?

A

30 total

  • Cervical = 8
  • Thoracic = 12
  • Lumbar = 5
  • Sacral = 5
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13
Q

How many spinal nerves does each spinal cord segment have?

A

2 (R and L)

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14
Q

Where do spinal nerves exit in the cervical region?

A

SUPERIOR to the corresponding vertebrae

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15
Q

Where do spinal nerves exit in the thoracic, lumbar and sacral regions?

A

INFERIOR to the corresponding vertebrae

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16
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A
  • Lumbar and sacral spinal nerve fibers within the vertebral canal, inferior to L2 form this
  • Because the spinal cord ends at L2, lumbar and sacral spinal nerves must run inferiorly within the vertebral column before they can exit at their designated vertebrae
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17
Q

Where in the spinal cord is the grey matter located?

A

Internally

18
Q

Where in the spinal cord is the white matter located?

A

Externally

19
Q

What makes up the grey matter?

A
  • Neuron cell bodies to and from peripheral structures (skin, muscles)
  • “Butterfly”
20
Q

What makes up the white matter?

A

-Nerves connecting body to/from brain

21
Q

As you move inferiorly down the spinal cord, how do the amounts of grey and white matter change?

A

More grey matter as you move inferiorly, less white matter

-Sacral has the most grey matter, cervical has the least

22
Q

What is grey matter divided into?

A

Horns

  • Ventral/anterior horn
  • Lateral horn
  • Dorsal/posterior horn
23
Q

What type of neurons does the anterior horn contain and what do they innervate?

A

Voluntary motor neurons (innervate skeletal muscle)

24
Q

What type of neurons does the lateral horn contain and what do they innervate?

A

Autonomic motor neurons (innervate smooth and cardiac muscle)

T1-L2 and S2-S4 only

25
Q

What type of neurons does the dorsal root ganglion contain and what do they innervate?

A

Sensory neurons (innervate skin, subQ tissue, etc)

26
Q

Cross section of spinal cord labeled

A
27
Q

Spinal nerves emerge from the cord as one of 2 roots:

A
  • Anterior/ventral root: motor axons (voluntary motor neurons, T1-L2 or S3-S4 are autonomic motor neurons)
  • Posterior/dorsal root: sensory axons
28
Q

Where do dorsal and ventral roots join together and what do they form?

A

Join together as they penetrate the DURA MATER and they form SPINAL NERVES

29
Q

Spinal nerves emerging from the spinal cord form _______

A

Plexuses

30
Q

What are the three major plexuses?

A
  1. Cervical Plexus (C1-C4) - phrenic nerve (C2, 3, 4)
  2. Brachial Plexus (C5-T1) - innervates UEs and skin
    1. Lumbosacral Plexus (L1-S5) - LEs, femoral and sciatic nerves
31
Q

Axons in the white matter transmit action potentials in which direction?

A

Superiorly AND Inferiorly

32
Q

What are found within each region of the white matter?

A

Tracts (bundles of axons) that are organized by their function

33
Q

What is the white matter organized into?

A

Regions or columns (funiculus):

  • Dorsal/posterior
  • Lateral
  • Ventral/anterior
34
Q

Which direction does the descending tract in the white matter convey action potentials?

A

INFERIORLY

-Brain to body (move your foot)

35
Q

Which direction does the ascending tract in the white matter relay action potentials?

A

SUPERIORLY

-Body to brain (step on something hot)

36
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

Region of skin innervated by one spinal cord segment (one pair of spinal nerves)

37
Q

What is a myotome?

A

Functional group of muscles innervated by a spinal cord segment (pair of spinal nerves)

38
Q

What is a first order neuron?

A
  • Part of peripheral nerves
  • Receptor
  • Afferent axon - can be myelinated or un-myelinated
39
Q

What is a second order neuron?

A
  • Starts in spinal cord, ends in brain
  • Part of spinal cord white matter - ascending tracts
40
Q

What is a third order neuron?

A
  • Found in the brain, allows conscious perception of a stimulus
  • Ends on the post central gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex)

Neuroanatomy (9 decks)

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