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LF104: Molecules, Cells And Organisms > Lecture 51. Non-Mendelian Inheritance > Flashcards

Lecture 51. Non-Mendelian Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

What plant was used to discover transposable elements?

A

Maize

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2
Q

What are transposable elements?

A

DNA sequences that can change their position within the genome

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3
Q

When does ‘jumping’ occur

A

During mitosis

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4
Q

What can affect ‘jumping’?

A

Environment (e.g temperature stress)

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5
Q

What happens when a transposable element enters an exon?

A

Gene switches off

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6
Q

What happens when a transposable element enters a promoter?

A

Gene switches on

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7
Q

What are transposable elements also known as?

A

‘Jumping’ genes

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8
Q

Do ‘jumping’ genes just occur in plants?

A

No, they also occur in animals

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9
Q

What is epigenetics the study of?

A

Heritable changes in gene expression that are not caused by heritable changes in DNA sequence

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10
Q

What is methylation?

A

Methyl group can tag DNA and activate or repress genes

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11
Q

What happens when DNA is coiled around a histone?

A

DNA is inacessible for transcription so gene is inactive

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12
Q

What organelles did Ruth Sager find contain DNA?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts (mtDNA & cpDNA)

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13
Q

What is the biochemical evidence of symbiosis in mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria communicate with the nucleus via trafficking of proteins and RNAs

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14
Q

What is the genetic evidence of symbiosis in mitochondria?

A

The nucleus contains genes that encode mitochondrial proteins

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15
Q

What is the mitochondrial genome?

A

Circular genome
Contains genes for tRNAs, rRNAs, cytochrome oxidase, ATPase subunit & NADH-dehydrogenase

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16
Q

What is the size of the mitochondrial genome in humans?

A

~16kb

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17
Q

What is the size of the mitochondrial genome in yeast?

A

~80kb

18
Q

What is the size of the mitochondrial genome in plants?

A

~100kb to 2 Mb

19
Q

What is the chloroplast genome?

A

Circular genome
Contains genes for redox proteins involved in electron transport for photosynthesis
Also contain a lot of non-coding DNA

20
Q

What is the size of the chloroplast genome?

A

~80-600kb

21
Q

Why do the mitochondria and chloroplasts have the exact same phenotype and genotype as the mother?

A

Meiotic segregation does not take place in organelles because they are acquired at cell division from the maternal cytoplasm

22
Q

What are the two types of petite yeast mutants?

A

Segregational and vegetative

23
Q

What are segregational mutants?

A

Mendelian segregation following meiosis
Genes are located in the nucleus

24
Q

What are vegetative mutants?

A

Non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance
Genes are located in the mitochondria

25
Q

What ratio does the tetrad of progeny show after crossing a wild type with a segregational petite?

A

2:2

26
Q

What ratio does the tetrad of progeny show after crossing a wild type with a neutral petite?

A

4:0

27
Q

What ratio does the tetrad of progeny show after crossing a wild type with a suppressive petite?

A

0:4

28
Q

What do neutral petites lack?

A

Most of their mitochondrial DNA

29
Q

What do suppressive petites lack?

A

Small segments of mtDNA

30
Q

What parent do yeast offspring inherit mitochondria?

A

Both parents

31
Q

What is MERRF?

A

Myoclonic epilepsy & ragged-red fiber disease

32
Q

What nucleotide substitution causes MERRF?

A

Lysine in tRNA

33
Q

What are the symptoms of MERRF?

A

Spasms and abnormal tissues, accumulation of lactic acid in the blood, and uncoordinated movement

34
Q

What are the uses of mitochondrial genome sequencing?

A

Maternity analysis
Phylogenetic systematics
Population genetics

35
Q

Why do mitochondrial genome sequencing?

A

Easy to isolate and PCR amplify mtDNA due to high copy
number per cell
Maternal inheritance mtDNA enables analysis of maternal population structure without confusion of male-mediated gene flow
No recombination of mtDNA so very slow to evolve
Mutations that do occur are rapidly fixed in a population

36
Q

What can phylogenetic analysis using mtDNA trace?

A

Roots of humanity

37
Q

What is maternal inheritance?

A

Maternal phenotypes that are caused by variation in genes located in the nuclear genome

38
Q

What are examples of maternal inheritance?

A

Maternal factors (proteins or mRNA) that are deposited in the oocyte prior to fertilisation
Shell coiling in snails

39
Q

What is genomic imprinting?

A

A form of gene expression in which an allele of the affected gene is marked or ‘imprinted’ in one of the parents, and can be passed on through meiosis to the offspring

40
Q

How is the epigenetic mechanism marked?

A

By methylation or histone modification

LF104: Molecules, Cells And Organisms (33 decks)

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