Lecture 5. The Human Genome Project

Question 1

Who produced the first complete genome sequence of an organism and when?

Answer 1

J. Craig Venter, 1995

Question 2

What was the first organism to have it’s genome sequenced?

Answer 2

Haemophilus influenza Rd.

Question 3

When was the Human Genome Project proposed?

Answer 3

1986

Question 4

When and what was the first archaea sequenced?

Answer 4

Methanococcus jannaschii, 1996

Question 5

When and what was the first eukaryote sequenced?

Answer 5

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), 1996

Question 6

When was the draft human sequence suggested?

Answer 6

2001

Question 7

When was the full complete human sequence reported?

Answer 7

14th April 2003

Question 8

1,000 genomes project time period

Answer 8

2008-2015

Question 9

100,000 genomes project time period

Answer 9

2012-2018

Question 10

What’s special about April 14th 2003

Answer 10

50th anniversary of the description of the double helix

Question 11

Goals of Human Genome Project

Answer 11

1. Identify all of the genes in human DNA
2. Determine the sequence of DNA base pairs that make up the human genome
3. Store this information in databases
4. Improve tools for data analysis
5. Transfer related technologies to the private sector
6. Addresses the ethical, legal, and social issues that may arise due to the project

Question 12

How many protein coding genes do humans have?

Answer 12

~20,000 genes

Question 13

How many genes do humans have?

Answer 13

~100,000

Question 14

What percentage of the genome is protein coding?

Answer 14

1.5%

Question 15

How big is the human haploid genome?

Answer 15

~3.2 x 10⁹ bp

Question 16

When and who sequenced the Neanderthal genome?

Answer 16

Svante Pääbo, 2010

Question 17

What 5 groups of modern humans were used to understand evolutionary history?

Answer 17

French, Han Chinese, Papuan, Yoruba, San

Question 18

What did Crick’s Central Dogma state in 1958?

Answer 18

‘DNA makes RNA makes proteins’

Question 19

Why did Mendel work with peas?

Answer 19

Produce large number of offspring
Have a relatively short generation time
Both self-fertilisation and cross-fertilisation possible
Pure breeding lines with contrasting features were available
Only simple tools needed

Question 20

The Law of Segregation

Answer 20

Two coexisting alleles of an individual for each trait segregate (split) during gamete formation so that each gamete gets only one of the two alleles. Alleles segregate into gametes which fuse randomly, so there is a discrete inheritance of a trait rather than a blending.

Question 21

When was the chromosome theory of inheritance suggested and who suggested it?

Answer 21

Walter Sutton, 1902

Question 22

What organism was studied to help develop the chromosome theory of inheritance?

Answer 22

Grasshoppers (Brachystola magna)

Question 23

Chromosome Theory of Inheritance

Answer 23

Sex was determined via chromosome-based inheritance

Question 24

When was sex-linked inheritance discovered and who discovered it?

Answer 24

T. H. Morgan, 1910

Question 25

What organism was involved in the discovery of sex-linked inheritance?

Answer 25

Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster)

Question 26

What do male fruit flies possess?

Answer 26

Black bottoms

Question 27

What do female fruit flies possess?

Answer 27

Stripes

Question 28

What coloured eyes do wild type fruit flies have?

Answer 28

Red eyes

Question 29

What coloured eyes do mutant wild-type fruit flies?

Answer 29

White eyes

Question 30

What chromosome is the eye colour gene located on?

Answer 30

X chromosome

Question 31

Which allele is dominant?

Answer 31

w+: wild-type allele, confers red eyes