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LF104: Molecules, Cells And Organisms > Lecture 33. Multicellular Organisms 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 33. Multicellular Organisms 2 Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What makes up the animal pole?

A

Ectoderm layers

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2
Q

What makes up the vegetal pole?

A

Endoderm layers

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3
Q

What is already present in the egg before fertilisation?

A

Polarity

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4
Q

What do the animal and vegetal hemispheres contain?

A

Differing selections of mRNAs

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5
Q

What causes the asymmetry of mRNA?

A

Cortical rotation triggered by fertilisation that offsets the animal pole

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6
Q

What occurs 1 hour after cortical rotation?

A

Cleavage

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7
Q

What does cleavage result in?

A

Many small cells (blastomeres) without significant change in mass. Molecular components become differentially distributed in cells. First differences in cell fate

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8
Q

Ectoderm

A

Predominantly Animal blastomeres

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9
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle cells

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10
Q

Endoderm

A

Vegetal blastomeres

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11
Q

What happens to the embryo after cleavage?

A

It becomes a hollow ball of cells called a blastula

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12
Q

How many germ layers are blastomeres predetermined to become?

A

3

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13
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

The process of the tissue germ layers and body axis being laid down via specific choreography of cells

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14
Q

What happens to cells during gastrulation?

A

Cells are spatially rearranged with some undergoing involution

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15
Q

What molecules play a major role in neurulation and somite formation?

A

Cadherins and other cell-cell adhesion molecules

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16
Q

What is neurulation?

A

When ectoderm roles into a tube which becomes the neural tube between the brain and the spinal cord

17
Q

Limb bud

A

Embryonic connective tissue with Sonic Hedgehog protein expression

18
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

The processes which govern the evolution of an individual’s phenotype from the genome

19
Q

What 3 mechanisms result in chemical modifications in chromatin structure?

A

Methylation of the DNA
Acetylation of histones
miRNAs also play a role

20
Q

Embryonic development in plants

A

Begins at fertilisation
Division of the zygote - asymmetry - polarity of the embryo
Diploid embryo - polarised ball of cells
Two groups: one at suspensor end (root) and one at opposite end (shoot)

21
Q

What allows sequential growth in the plant?

A

Apical meristems (groups of self renewing stem cells)

22
Q

What regulates plant growth?

A

Hormones

23
Q

What are the 3 phases of plant morphogenesis leading to modular construction and flower formation?

A

Cell division, Cell growth and Cell differentiation

LF104: Molecules, Cells And Organisms (33 decks)

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