Lecture 3. Evolution

Question 1

Three domains of life model

Answer 1

Carl Woese and George Fox, 1977

Question 2

How was three domains of life model constructed?

Answer 2

Comparison of ribosomal RNA

Question 3

Web of Life model

Answer 3

W Ford Doolittle, 2000

Question 4

Differences between web of Life and three domains model

Answer 4

Web is based on the sharing of genes through horizontal gene transfer
Ancestral community of primitive cells instead of one LUCA

Question 5

When was the similarities between eukaryotes and archaea experiment done?

Answer 5

2011

Question 6

Which archaea were used

Answer 6

TACK archaea

Question 7

Similarities found

Answer 7

1. Proteins involved in cytokinesis (cell division)
2. Cell shape determination
3. Protein recycling
4. Membrane remodelling
5. Cell degradation

Question 8

Importance of similarities experiment

Answer 8

Showed archaea had features thought to be exclusive to eukaryotes

Question 9

When was the “New” tree of life constructed?

Answer 9

2016

Question 10

What did the “new” tree of life compare?

Answer 10

92 bacterial phyla, 26 archaeal phyla and all five eukaryotic supergroups based upon the sequences of 16 ribosomal proteins.

Question 11

Step 1

Answer 11

Science is performed in a naturalistic framework

Question 12

Step 2

Answer 12

Experimental/observational support is required

Question 13

Step 3

Answer 13

Occam’s razor, proceed with the simplest explanation consistent with all the data

Question 14

Step 4

Answer 14

Inductive reasoning allows you to draw conclusions

Question 15

Step 5

Answer 15

Compile and disseminate your knowledge

Question 16

Step 6

Answer 16

Accept uncertainty

Question 17

Microevolution

Answer 17

Changes in allele frequencies in a population of a species over time. (Natural selection, genetic drift and gene flow)

Question 18

Macroevolution

Answer 18

Change at or above the level of the species

Question 19

When was Darwin on the HMS Beagle?

Answer 19

1831-1836

Question 20

Who had the same idea as Darwin?

Answer 20

Wallace

Question 21

What was Darwin’s model called?

Answer 21

Descent with modification

Question 22

When was The Origin of Species published?

Answer 22

1859

Question 23

Which birds did Darwin study in the Galápagos?

Answer 23

Mockingbirds

Question 24

Which birds did Darwin study in Daphne Major?

Answer 24

Medium ground finches

Question 25

Darwin’s hypothesis

Answer 25

1. For any particular trait, individuals within a species are variable
2. (At least) some of this variation is heritable
3. Reproduction is not random, but is selected by nature: individuals that reproduce the most are the most are those with the most favourable variations (survival of the fittest)