Lecture 5: The Working Cell Flashcards
Energy is defined as ___.
The capacity to do work
The energy stored in molecules is ___ energy for the cell.
Potential
Energy that is being used is ___ energy. Examples include sunlight.
Kinetic
Heat is caused by ___.
Friction between atoms or molecules.
The distribution of energy, and the measurement of how random it is, is part of the ____.
Law of Entropy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. This is part of the ____.
Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy found in an apple is ____ (potential or kinetic) energy.
Potential
After you eat the apple, the energy from the apple is now ____ (potential or kinetic) energy.
Kinetic
Energy can be converted from kinetic, to potential and back to kinetic energy. True or False.
True
The 10% rule states that ____.
Between energy conversions, about 90% of the energy is lost as heat.
All enzymes are made of ____.
Proteins
The molecule an enzyme works on during the reaction is called a ____.
Substrate
The end result of an enzymatic reaction are the ____.
End products
What part of an enzyme attaches to the substrate?
Active site
The shape of an enzyme determines its function. If you change the shape of an enzyme, you have ____ it.
Denatured
Anything that slows down the activity of enzymes is called an ____.
Inhibitor
What is a non-competitive inhibitor?
Anything that attaches to an enzyme, somewhere other than the active site.
What is a competitive inhibitor?
Anything that attaches to the active site, and resembles the substrate.
Molecules like ATP, NADH, NADPH and Acetyl CoA are called ____.
Coenzymes
When you take large molecules and break them into smaller parts, the reaction is a ____ reaction.
Catabolic
When you take smaller monomers and combine them into larger molecules, the reaction is a ____ reaction.
Anabolic
Any reaction that requires an input of energy is called ____.
Endergonic
Any reaction that releases energy is called ____.
Exergonic
When describing photosynthesis, it is an example of a(n) ____ reaction.
Anabolic / Endergonic
When describing cellular respiration, it is an example of a(n) ____ reaction.
Catabolic / Exergonic
ATP can be combined to form ADP, and this is called phosphorylation. True or False.
False
When atoms or molecules move from high to low concentrations, ____ diffusion has occurred.
Passive
When atoms or molecules move against their concentration gradient, by using energy, ____ has occurred.
Active transport
When atoms or molecules move from high to low concentrations, through an enzyme, ____ diffusion has occurred.
Facilitated
A solution is made of two parts. Any molecule floating in solution is called a ____.
Solute
A solution is made of two parts. The water in a solution is called the ____.
Solvent
When comparing two solutions, when both solutions have equal concentrations of solute, they are ___ to one another.
Isotonic
When comparing two solutions, the solution with more solvent (and less solute) is called ____.
Hypotonic
When comparing two solutions, the solution with more solute (and less solvent) is called ____.
Hypertonic
Water will always move towards a ____ solution.
Hypertonic
When animal cells are placed into a hypertonic solution, they shrink. This is called ____.
Crenation
When plant cells are placed into a hypertonic solution, chloroplasts move to the center of the cell. This is called ____.
Plasmolysis
When animal cells are placed into a hypotonic solution, they swell (and can burst). This is called ____.
Hemolysis
When plant cells are placed into a hypotonic solution, pressure builds up inside the cell. This is called ____.
Turgor
Why can an animal cell burst in a hypotonic solution, and a plant cell cannot?
Plant cells have cell walls that prevent the membrane from bursting while animal cells do not.
A cell consuming something is called ____.
Endocytosis
Cellular “drinking” is referred to as ____.
Pinocytosis
Cells can remove cholesterol from blood through ____.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
