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Bio Lecture Exam Final > Lecture 10: DNA Structure / Function and Protein Production > Flashcards

Lecture 10: DNA Structure / Function and Protein Production Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA and RNA are both sources of genetic information. They are made from ___.

A

Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

Nucleotides with two carbon rings include Adenine and Guanine. These are called ___.

A

Purines

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3
Q

Nucleotides with one carbon ring include Thymine and Cytosine. They are called ___.

A

Pyrimidines

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4
Q

Nucleotides have three main parts to them. They are ___, ___ and ___.

A

Ribose sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

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5
Q

What major contributions did Rosalind Franklin (1958) make?

A

Used X-rays of DNA to help determine its shape

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6
Q

What major contributions did Erwin Chargaff (1952) make?

A

Discovered A=T and C=G

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7
Q

What major contributions did Frederick Griffith (1928) make?

A

Discovered that information could be exchanged between cells

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8
Q

What major contributions did Hershey and Chase (1952) make?

A

Discovered that genetic information was stored in DNA by using radioactive isotopes

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9
Q

What major contributions did Watson and Crick (1953) make?

A

Wrote the paper which completely described the DNA molecule

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10
Q

What carbon does the phosphate group attach to on the sugar of a nucleotide?

A

5th carbon

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11
Q

Which carbon does the nitrogenous base attach to on the sugar of a nucleotide?

A

1st carbon

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12
Q

During DNA replication, new DNA nucleotides are put into place by the ___ enzyme.

A

DNA Polymerase

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13
Q

During DNA replication, the existing DNA molecule is “split” by the ___ enzyme, allowing new nucleotides to be put into place.

A

Helicase

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14
Q

Basically speaking, DNA replication is important because ___.

A

The existing DNA molecule is the template for an exact copy to be made so the cell can divide.

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15
Q

What “direction” does DNA replication take place?

A

5’ to 3’

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16
Q

Why does adenine always bond with a thymine?

A

They share two hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

Which two nucleotides are “purines”?

A

Adenine and Guanine

18
Q

What in the cell builds the protein?

A

Ribosome

19
Q

What conveys information and instructions to ribosomes?

A

mRNA

20
Q

What contains anti-codons?

A

tRNA

21
Q

What contains codons?

A

mRNA

22
Q

Which form of genetic information includes thymine?

A

DNA

23
Q

Which form of genetic information includes uracil?

A

mRNA

24
Q

Which form of genetic information provides amino acids to the ribosome?

A

tRNA

25
Q

Which form of genetic information is produced in the nucleus and travels to the cytoplasm?

A

mRNA

26
Q

What does Transcription convert?

A

DNA into mRNA

27
Q

What does translation convert?

A

mRNA into proteins

28
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

The nucleus

29
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

In the cytoplasm

30
Q

Where does the DNA molecule open up when a protein is needed?

A

Only at the gene needed

31
Q

When the RNA polymerase makes RNA, and “editing” process occurs. What happens during this “eukaryotic processing” in order to make mRNA?

A

Introns are removed and exons are spliced together

32
Q

DNA to ___ to mRNA
During eukaryotic processing, what molecule is first made?

A

hnRNA

33
Q

How many letters of RNA make up a single codon?

A

3

34
Q

The term “gene expression” means that proteins are produced by the DNA. This is also called the “phenotype.” True or false.

A

True

35
Q

The enzyme ____ makes new DNA, and if it makes a mistake, can cause a mutation.

A

DNA Polymerase

36
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

When a mutation results in a similar protein, with little effect, or major impact to the protein

37
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

When a stop code on is inserted in the middle of a protein, severely altering it

38
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

When a mutation results in the same protein, with no true impact

39
Q

What is an insertion mutation?

A

A frameshift mutation that shifts nucleotides to the right. Often fatal to the cell

40
Q

What is a deletion mutation?

A

A frameshift mutation that shifts nucleotides to the left. Often fatal to the cell

41
Q

What is a substitution mutation?

A

A substitution of one nucleotide for another. Effects range from no change to the protein, minor changes to the protein, or major changes

Bio Lecture Exam Final (14 decks)

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