Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL-304-02 > Lecture 5: Strategies 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Strategies 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the elements of a life cycle?

A

-Resources
-Opportunities
-Timing
-Growth
-Survival
-Reproduction
-Fitness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 invest elements…

A

Resources, opportunities, timing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 optimize elements…

A

Growth, survival, reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Annual is…

A

Life cycle completed in one year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Perennial is…

A

Life cycle completed over multiple years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Life history is…

A

The adaptions that constitute the schedule of an organisms life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Life history includes traits such as…

A

Age at maturity, fecundity, and longevity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Most bee species are _____

A

Solitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Are solitary bees annual or perennial?

A

Annual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Eusocial bees…

A

Unlike solitary bees, eusocial bees live in colonies, dividing the work of foraging, nest building, and reproduction among colony members. (THINK SOCIAL VS SOLITUDE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Bumblebees are ____

A

Annual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Honeybees are ____

A

Perennial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a pro of smaller colonies?

A

Fewer resources required to maintain colony to reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a con of smaller colonies?

A

Less foraging and rearing help

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a pro of larger colonies?

A

Lots of foraging, rearing, and defense help

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a con of larger colonies?

A

High resources demand to maintain colony

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a pro of annual colonies?

A

Don’t require year around food source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a con of annual colonies?

A

All of a colony’s fitness tied to a single year/reproductive event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a pro of perennial colonies?

A

Years of high reproductive success may compensate for years of low reproductive success

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a con of perennial colonies?

A

Colony requires year around food supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why must bumblebees employ different strategies?

A

-Native to every continent except Australia and Antarctica
-Widespread, but specialize in cold climates (high elevations and latitudes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why must honeybees employ different strategies?

A

-Native to Eurasia and Northern Africa
-Can be maintained by humans in areas with harsh winters, but only occur in the wild in milder climates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

For _______ bees, cold climates may necessitate and annual life history, while warmer climates may favor a perennial life history

A

Eusocial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is an example of a physiological trade-off?

A

Uterus size is limited by body size, and in turn limits the number and size of offspring per reproductive bout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is an example of genetic trade-off?

A

In Arabadopsis thalinia genes that control flowering time have multiple effects (i.e, pleiotropy), and artificial selection for earlier flowering time results in reduced seed set

26
Q

What is an example of resources trade-off?

A

Avoiding predation often has a direct impact on time available for foraging

27
Q

What are the 3 aspects of the principal of allocation?

A

-Time, energy, and nutrients are limited
-Resources spent on one structure, function, or behavior cannot be spent on another
-Natural selection will favor individuals which allocate resources in a way that maximizes their lifetime fitness

28
Q

Life history trade-off: Offspring size

A

Larger, more well provisioned seeds are more likely to survive

29
Q

Life history trade-off: Offspring number

A

The more a plant invests in each seed, the fewer seeds it can make

30
Q

Reproductive strategies…

A

Describe the ways that organisms allocate resources to reproduction over the course of their lifetimes

31
Q

Iteroparous is…

A

Multiple reproductive cycles over the course of a lifetime

32
Q

Semelparous is…

A

Single reproductive event in a lifetime (THINK OF BOTH OF THE S’s)

33
Q

Semelparity is…

A

An extreme example of trade-offs between current and future reproduction

34
Q

Reproductive bout totally exhausts resources — resulting in _______

A

Mortality

35
Q

Agave is…

A

-Long lived member if the asparagus family
-Arid climates
-Shallow fibrous root system
-Water and carbohydrate storage in modified stem

36
Q

The sudden growth of enormous flowering stalk…

A

Agave

37
Q

T/F) Agave cannot be fully supported by resources available in soil + stem

A

True

38
Q

T/F) In agave resources are mobilized from all tissues

A

True

39
Q

T/F) In agave once seeds are mature, the plant survives

A

False

40
Q

Faster metamorphosis leads to…

A

Lower risk of predation

41
Q

Larger size at metamorphosis leads to…

A

Higher fecundity, mating success, and adult survival

42
Q

T/F) Low-food conditions require compromise between size and time

A

True

43
Q

Ecotype is…

A

Distinct phenotypic expression within a species characteristic of a particular habitat

44
Q

Var. Hallii and filipies differ in:

A

Adult size, lifespan, flowering time, seed size and mass

45
Q

Anisogamous individuals…

A

May produce sperm, eggs (or ovules), or both

46
Q

Anisogamy is…

A

Sexual reproduction resulting from the fusing of gametes of two distinct sizes

47
Q

Direct is…

A

Sexual functions are divided among individuals (i.e, individuals produce only eggs/ovules or only sperm)

48
Q

Hermaphroditic is…

A

Both sexual functions occur within the same individual

49
Q

Which is the most common sexual system among plants? Hermaphroditism or Dioecy?

A

Hermaphroditism, 80% of flowering plants are hermaphrodites

50
Q

T/F) Individuals cannot gain reproductive success through male and female function

A

False

51
Q

T/F) Each function of reproduction has different associated costs and benefits

A

True

52
Q

Utilizing both hedges against ____ success through either function

A

Low

53
Q

Each sexual function bears costs…

A

Individuals may not be able to afford both

54
Q

T/F) Sexual functions may interfere with one another

A

True

55
Q

T/F) Selfing can result in high quality offspring

A

False, note separate sexes are just one way to avoid selfing

56
Q

Sex allocation is…

A

Relative investment in female versus male function (in hermaphrodites)

57
Q

Relative differential investment in gamete size x number or differential parental investment in offspring…

A

In dioicous species or individuals

58
Q

Female reproduction requires _____ investment in resources, but is usually not limited by mating opportunities

A

High

59
Q

Reproduction through male function is ______ limited by mating opportunities than resources

A

More

60
Q

What is Bateman’s principal?

A

1) Male reproductive success is opportunity limited
2) Female reproductive success is resource limited

61
Q

FIVE MAIN POINTS

A

1) Time, resources, and opportunities are limited, and natural selection favors those individuals that express traits that maximize lifetime fitness
2) Life history traits are shaped by trade-offs and are sensitive to environmental conditions
3) Individuals must balance current reproductive investment against growth, survival, and the potential for future reproduction
4) Anisogamous individuals can gain reproductive success through female or male function or both
5) Female function is typically limited by resources, male function is typically limited by opportunity (Bateman’s principle)

BIOL-304-02 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions