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BIOL-304-02 > Lecture 3: The Economy: Nutrient & Energy Flows > Flashcards

Lecture 3: The Economy: Nutrient & Energy Flows Flashcards

1
Q

What is this? 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

A

Photosynthesis

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2
Q

What is this? C6H12O6+ 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O

A

Respiration

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3
Q

How does energy enter ecosystems?

A

Primary production

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4
Q

A leaky bucket is…

A

Little of the energy that photo-autotrophs intercept is ultimately available to invest in growth and reproduction

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5
Q

A tropic level is…

A

-A level in a food chain or food web of an ecosystem
-Energy and nutrients flow from the lowest trophic levels up to higher levels

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6
Q

Secondary production is…

A

Biomass accumulated by heterotrophs (consumers) from the assimilation of biomass generated by producers

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7
Q

Energy and nutrient transfer is ____ due to loss (e.g., heat and respiration) and waste (inedible or indigestible parts)

A

Imperfect

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8
Q

Less of the energy and nutrients initially incorporated by producers are available to each subsequent trophic level, hence…

A

Shorter human food chains are more efficient

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9
Q

Production of meat produces _____ greenhouse gas per capita than car travel

A

More

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10
Q

Rate of photosynthesis…

A

The rate at which CO2 is converted to glucose

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11
Q

Respiration rate…

A

The rate at which glucose is used

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12
Q

Light compensation point…

A

The light intensity at which the rate of photosynthesis matches the rate of cellular respiration

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13
Q

Light saturation point…

A

The light intensity beyond which the rate of photosynthesis does not increase

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14
Q

Metabolic rates increase/decrease with temperature around…

A

Photosynthetic rate increases/decreases with temperature around the optimum

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15
Q

CTmin

A

Critical Thermal Minimum

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16
Q

CTmax

A

Critical Thermal Maximum

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17
Q

Tbr

A

Thermal Performance Breadth

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18
Q

Topt

A

Thermal Performance Optima

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19
Q

Temperature optima vary across…

A

-Species
-Populations
-Processes
-Individuals

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20
Q

Relationship between photosynthetic rate and _______ depends on mode of carbon fixation

A

Temperature

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21
Q

The water cycle…

A

Transports not only water, but also nutrients (especially water-soluble ones) into, through, and out of ecosystems

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22
Q

T/F) Snow/ice limit water availability and access to light in winter

A

True

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23
Q

T/F) Snowmelt can’t provide water in dryer seasons

A

False

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24
Q

Evapotranspiration is…

A

Water transfer from land to the atmosphere through surface evaporation and transpiration

25
Q

Amazonian deforestation + climate change &raquo_space;>

A

Forest drying > forest fire

26
Q

______ is the primary energy source (along with H2O and sunlight) and building material for life on Earth

A

CO2

27
Q

Some human impacts of the carbon cycle: Carbon fossilization

A

Oil/coal/gas + limestone > direct movement of stored carbon to atmosphere

28
Q

Some human impacts of the carbon cycle: Contemporary biomass accumulation

A

Land use change releases stored carbon and decreases subsequent accumulation (ex: forest/prairie > ag or built landscapes)

29
Q

Some human impacts of the carbon cycle: Microbial respiration

A

Climate change induces increased respiration and decreased fossilization in cold soils and sediments

30
Q

Nitrogen constitutes what percent of the atmosphere?

A

78%

31
Q

T/F) Atmospheric nitrogen is inert—plants cannot utilize it like CO2

A

True

32
Q

What are some ways Nitrogen-fixation brings nitrogen into the biosphere?

A

-Lightning (Nitric acid or Nitrate)
-Bacteria (some soil bacteria and Cyanobacteria// ammonium & ammonia)
-Bosch-Haber process (e.g fertilizer production, highly energy intensive// ammonia)

33
Q

Nitrification is…

A

Aerobic transformation of ammonium, nitrate, nitrate by specialized bacteria and archaea. This form of nitrogen is highly water soluble, but less useful to plants than nitrate of ammonia

34
Q

Denitrification is…

A

Anaerobic conversion of nitrates into nitrites, and nitrites to nitric oxide, nitric oxide to nitrous oxide, and finally, to nitrogen gas

35
Q

T/F) Phosphorus has no atmospheric stage

A

True

36
Q

Ecological stoichiometry is…

A

A field of biology focused on the roles that the elemental composition of organisms play in shaping their ecology

37
Q

Matter and energy cycle at ecosystem, landscape, and global scales…

A

But also at the scales of individuals, populations, and communities

38
Q
A
39
Q

_____ bodies typically require different element ratios than those in their food sources

A

Consumer’s

40
Q

If element ratios in food sources differ too much from the consumer’s requirements, _______ occurs

A

Stoichiometric mismatch

41
Q

T/F) Stoichiometric mismatch can’t limit growth and development

A

False

42
Q

Leibig’s law of the minimum…

A

Growth (of an individual or population) is limited by the scarcest resource (i.e, limiting factor)

43
Q

Nutrient limitation is…

A

When growth or reproduction are limited by nutrient availability

44
Q

Co-limitation is…

A

When growth or reproduction are limited by more than one nutrient

45
Q

How is eutrophication related to stoichiometry, competition, and the phosphorus cycle?

A

Eutrophication is linked to stoichiometry through nutrient ratios, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, influencing the growth of algae. Competition among organisms for these nutrients can exacerbate eutrophication by promoting algal blooms. The phosphorus cycle plays a crucial role as excess phosphorus, often from human activities, can contribute to eutrophication by fueling excessive plant and algal growth in aquatic ecosystems.

46
Q

5 MAIN POINTS

A

1) NPP = GPP - respiration
2) Temperature, water, light, and nutrients limit NPP
3) Any nutrient can limit growth and reproduction, and these processes may be co-limited by multiple nutrients at once
4) Water, energy, and matter cycle through coupled biological and geological systems in characteristic ways, each with unique implications for life on Earth and the functioning of ecosystems
5) The ratios that organisms obtain nutrients in have important implications for their growth, survival, and fecundity, and parasites and pathogens may cause or magnify nutrient ratio imbalances

47
Q

Under natural conditions phosphorus limitation…

A

Prevents plants (algae and macrophytes) from using all available nitrogen

48
Q

Aquatic plant growth is co-limited by _ & _

A

P & N

49
Q

Some algae produce toxins,…

A

All aquatic plants and decomposers use oxygen

50
Q

T/F) Algal toxins rarely accumulate to dangerous concentrations

A

True

51
Q

T/F) Plant and bacterial respiration deplete available oxygen

A

False

52
Q

T/F) Other organisms can live in and drink the water (i.e, they are not competing for oxygen

A

True

53
Q

T/F) Phosphorus is a very mobile element

A

False

54
Q

T/F) Phosphorous, with no atmospheric phase, it is not readily recycled through the biosphere

A

True

55
Q

T/F) Many aquatic and marine ecosystems have developed in the context of widespread P limitation

A

True

56
Q

Human activities ______ phosphorus availability

A

Increase

57
Q

Algal and macrophyte growth increases, oxygen becomes _______, and algal toxins rise to dangerous concentrations

A

Depleted

58
Q

T/F) Other organisms (including humans) are outcompeted for useable water

A

True

59
Q

Competition can lead to…

A

Loss of ecosystem function and biodiversity

BIOL-304-02 (10 decks)

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