Lecture 5 - Prejudice and Aggression SA

Question 1

what are the major types of prejudice?

Answer 1

• Sexism
• Racism
• Ageism
• Discrimination based on sexuality
• Discrimination based on disability

Question 2

What is the prejudice in terms of sex roles and the power to define these roles?

Answer 2

• Argument whether there is a difference between the roles that are traditionally given to F/M
• Roles that are traditionally given to men are given a higher status than roles traditionally given to females

Question 3

What role does media and language play in terms of sexism (prejudice)

Answer 3

• Has power to transmit and maintain the stereotypes that exist
• Study: Female reporters shot from head to chest area but males only shot from face area

Question 4

How does sexism influence performance attribution?

Answer 4

• M perform successful task -> attributed to ability perform/high lvl of effort -> performance viewed more deserving
• F perform successful task -> attributed luck/easy task -> less deserving of recognition

Question 5

What are some experiments conducted in the past that have tried to detect well-concealed racism?

Answer 5

1. Duncans study: shove vs playful
2. Reaction times to positive/negative adjectives
   * Black or white target that had neg/pos association
   * Negative association to both black and white = same reaction time
   * Positive association to black took LONGER than whites

Question 6

How are older people perceived in Australia in comparison to other countries? What are these types of views called?

Answer 6

• extended family view approach - Australia
  
  • Treatment of older people can be characterised by getting to a certain age and being in a living arrangement with other older people
  • idea that older people want to spend time on their own/ with other older people and be somewhat separated from society/family members
• Nuclear family approach - asian, mediterranean, Italian/greek
  
  • Older people are well respected, live in the family until they pass, respected

Question 7

What have older people in AUS done to challenge the notion that they are worhtless?

Answer 7

• Grey nomad
• Not giving their family their savings and spending it for themselves
• Emphasise that they still have the right to vote
• Car insurance -> still able to drive

Question 8

In terms of prejudice what is the difference between responses of mental health and physical health?

Answer 8

• When someone diagnosed with cancer/diseases -> everyone responses are very sympathetic and feel sorry for them
• When someone disgnosed with mental health disorder (bipolar) -> responses are very different and more prejudice lies within
• More negative views exist within mental health disorders

Question 9

What explains the views that exist within mental health disorders?

Answer 9

• A lot can be explained from uncertainty

* Not sure HOW to react or what to say

Question 10

How can Uncertainty of well wishers be perceived as discriminating towards disabled?

Answer 10

• Sometimes ppl want to help but dont know how

* Might go over the top -> I need to open ht door for you, I need to feed you

Question 11

what are some major types of subtle discrimination?

Answer 11

1. reluctance to help
   * Not renting out accomodation to minority groups
   * Not hiring people based on ethnicity
2. Tokenism
   * Practise of making small concessions very PUBLICY
   * Ppl do this to deflect from needing to do more
   * i.e. we now have ABO representing our team etc..
3. Reverse discrimination
   * Term used to describe the ACTIONS/EFFORTS done to reverse -ve effects of discrimination towards a particular group of people
   * It describes the actions that have been taken to level out the playing field by giving historically marginalised groups a opportunity
   * More contentious - public prejudice in favour of a minority group
   * Ppl do this to deflect

Question 12

What are some effects of prejudice?

Answer 12

• Social stigma
  
  • Stigma: stigmitised individuals possess some attribute or characteristic that conveys a social identity that is devalued in a social context
  • Targets of prejudice and discrimination are membered of stigmitised groups -> thus stigmitised individuals
  • The experience of stigma hinges on 2 factors: VISABILITY/CONCEALABILITY + CONTROLLABILITY
  • Visual stigma: stigma that is visible and thus indiviauls cannot escape being the target of stereotypes and discrimination -> experience of prejudice becomes inescapable
  • Concealable stigma: stigma that is not visible which allow individuals to avoid the experience of stigma
    
    • Can have negative conseuqences for the individual: the individual must be un-true and super vigilant to ensure their stigma does not come to the surface
    • Examples: homosexuality, religious affiliations, race
  • Controllable stigma: stigma that people believe is CHOSEN and not ASSIGNED
    
    • Examples: obesity, smoking, homosexuality - people choose to be/do these things
    • Controllable stigmas bring more harsh discrimination/prejudice than UNCONTROLLABLE stigmas -> fat ppl have negative reactions in contemporary western cultures because it is highly stigmitised AND people believe it is controllable
  • Uncontrollable stigmas: stigmas that people have little or no choice is processing
    
    • Example: race, gender, some illnesses
• Self-esteem
  
  • Members of stigmatised groups (minority group) internalise evaluations and form unfavourable self-image of themselves -> manifest into low self-esteem
• Disadvantage: Victims of prejudice are among groups who are denied access to resources that society makes available for people to thrive and succeed
  
  • Discrimination creates visible reality of real disadvantage and manifest failure to achieve society high standards
  • Results in victims internalising -> chronically apathetic and unmotivated: give up because of the impossibility of succeeding
• Self-fulling prophecies: a stereotypical belief that can create a material reality that confirms the belief
• Violence and genocide

Question 13

What is one of the most famous studies of self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 13

• Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968)
• Their book said “simply put, when teachers expect students to do well and show intellectual growth, they do; when teachers do not, students may infect be discouraged in a number of ways
• R + J administered IQ test to elementary children and told teachers the results would show which students would “bloom”
• R + J gave teachers 20 names of “bloomers” but in actual fact their IQ score was no different to the “non-bloomers”
• Teachers instantly developed steryotypical expectations of students: “non-bloomers” being less curious, less happy compared to “bloomers”
• R + J measured IQ score at end of first year and start + end of 2nd year
• Results: IQ score significantly higher for the “bloomers”
• Meta-analysis conducted of over 354 studies -> applied this phenomenon in busines + medicine

Question 14

How does Mark Snyder and colleges explain how self-fulfilling prophecies come about?

Answer 14

• Involves creating an expectation in the observer that someone he is going to meet (the actor) is an extrovert
  1. observer belives that the actor is an extrovert
  2. perception and interpretation of the actor behaviour is biased so that the actors behaviour is seen to confirm expectations
  3. actor is treated as an extrovery
  4. actor is constrained in that he cannot act in other ways than an extrovert
  5. actor behaviour becomes more of an extrovert
  6. actor is percieved as an extrovert